Module refinery.lib.argformats

Multibin Syntax

Many refinery units receive arguments which represent binary data, and usually these arguments can be given in multibin format, which is a special syntax which allows to preprocess data with a number of handlers. For example, the multibin expression md5:password preprocesses the argument password (which is understood as its UTF8 encoding by default) using the md5 handler, which returns the MD5 hash of the input data. Consequently, the output of

emit md5:password | hex -R

would be the string 5F4DCC3B5AA765D61D8327DEB882CF99. The most important basic handlers to know are:

• s:string disables all further preprocessing and interprets string as an UTF8 encoded string
• u:string same, but as an UTF16-LE encoded string
• h:string assumes that string is a hexadecimal string and returns the decoded byte sequence.
• any unit's name can be prefixed to the string, i.e. esc:\n corresponds to the line break character.

If a multibin argument does not use any handler, refinery first interprets the string as the path of an existing file on disk and attempts to return the contents of this file. If this fails, the UTF8 encoding of the string is returned.

The handlers copy and cut as well as their shortcuts c and x are final handlers like the above example s, i.e. the string that follows copy: will not be interpreted as a multibin expression. Indeed, copy and cut expect the remaining string to be in Python slice syntax. The expression copy:0:1 would, for example, represent the first byte of the input data. With copy, this data is copied out of the input and used for the argument. With cut, this data is removed from the input data and used for the argument. All cut operations are performed in the order in which the arguments are specified on the command line. For example:

emit 1234 | cca x::1 x::1

will output the string 3412.

The modifiers s, u, h, copy (or c), and cut (or x) along with using unit modifiers should cover most use cases. To learn about other existing modifiers, refer to the rest of this documentation.

Arguments For Handlers

Neither DelayedArgument.s(), DelayedArgument.u(), nor DelayedArgument.h() require any additional arguments except for the input string that they are applied to. However, if a refinery unit is used as a handler, there is an option to add arguments to the handler that will be passed to the unit as command-line arguments. For example, the following will output the hexadecimal text representation of the MD5 hash of the string "password":

emit md5[-t]:password

Inside the square brackets that follow the handler name, arguments are separated by commas. This also means that arguments passed to handlers in this way cannot contain any commas. There is no escape sequence, but it is possible to use nested multibin expressions to work around this. For example, the multibin expression q:1%2c2%2c3 corresponds to the string 1,2,3 and the output of the following command will be 2,4,5:

emit repl[q:1%2c2%2c3,2]:1,2,3,4,5

The first argument to the repl unit is the multibin argument q:1%2c2%2c3, which uses the DelayedArgument.q() handler to return 1,2,3. The second argument to this unit-based handler is 2, separated from the previous one by a comma. Hence, repl will replace all occurrences of 1,2,3 in the input with just 2.

Some of the more complex non-unit handlers also have optional arguments.

Technical Details

This module implements all argument parser types for the binary refinery. Notable classes for the command line use are the following:

• DelayedBinaryArgument (used almost everywhere)
• DelayedNumSeqArgument (used by children of ArithmeticUnit)
• DelayedRegexpArgument (used by rex, resub)

All of the above classes inherit from DelayedArgument. The following mainly applies to DelayedBinaryArgument, but the other two parsers work similar. The classes implement the various modifiers which are available to multibin expressions.

The reason why these parsers have "delayed" in their name is that they allow the implementation of handlers which require input data to be present, like the handlers copy and cut, which are implemented in DelayedArgument.copy() and DelayedArgument.cut(), respectively. These expressions can not be evaluated immediately after the command line is parsed, but only as soon as input data becomes available for processing.

As explained above, each refinery unit defines a (non-final) modifier. The expression b64:Zm9v, for example, corresponds to the binary string foo - the unit b64 is used to decode the string Zm9v to foo. Arguments can be passed to units in square brackets and separated by commas, but there is no support for escaping comma characters (see the previous section for more details).

Examples

1. The multibin expression xor[0xAA]:b64:2c/J2M/e will return the binary string secret; the string 2c/J2M/e is base64-decoded using b64 and then each byte is xor'ed with the key 0xAA by the unit xor.
2. The expression hex[-R]:sha256:read:foobar.txt is the hexadecimal representation of the SHA256 hash of the contents of the file foobar.txt on disk.

#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
## Multibin Syntax

Many refinery units receive arguments which represent binary data, and usually these arguments can
be given in **multibin** format, which is a special syntax which allows to preprocess data with a
number of **handlers**. For example, the multibin expression `md5:password` preprocesses the
argument `password` (which is understood as its UTF8 encoding by default) using the `md5` handler,
which returns the MD5 hash of the input data. Consequently, the output of

    emit md5:password | hex -R

would be the string `5F4DCC3B5AA765D61D8327DEB882CF99`. The most important basic handlers to know
are:

- `s:string` disables all further preprocessing and interprets `string` as an UTF8 encoded string
- `u:string` same, but as an UTF16-LE encoded string
- `h:string` assumes that `string` is a hexadecimal string and returns the decoded byte sequence.
- any unit's name can be prefixed to the string, i.e. `esc:\\n` corresponds to the line break character.

If a multibin argument does not use any handler, refinery first interprets the string as the path
of an existing file on disk and attempts to return the contents of this file. If this fails, the
UTF8 encoding of the string is returned.

The handlers `copy` and `cut` as well as their shortcuts `c` and `x` are **final** handlers like
the above example `s`, i.e. the string that follows `copy:` will not be interpreted as a multibin
expression. Indeed, `copy` and `cut` expect the remaining string to be in Python slice syntax. The
expression `copy:0:1` would, for example, represent the first byte of the input data. With `copy`,
this data is copied out of the input and used for the argument. With `cut`, this data is removed
from the input data and used for the argument. All `cut` operations are performed in the order in
which the arguments are specified on the command line. For example:
```
emit 1234 | cca x::1 x::1
```
will output the string `3412`.

The modifiers `s`, `u`, `h`, `copy` (or `c`), and `cut` (or `x`) along with using unit modifiers
should cover most use cases. To learn about other existing modifiers, refer to the rest of this
documentation.

## Arguments For Handlers

Neither `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedArgument.s`, `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedArgument.u`,
nor `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedArgument.h` require any additional arguments except for the
input string that they are applied to. However, if a refinery unit is used as a handler, there is
an option to add arguments to the handler that will be passed to the unit as command-line
arguments. For example, the following will output the hexadecimal text representation of the MD5
hash of the string "password":

    emit md5[-t]:password

Inside the square brackets that follow the handler name, arguments are separated by commas. This
also means that arguments passed to handlers in this way cannot contain any commas. There is no
escape sequence, but it is possible to use nested multibin expressions to work around this. For
example, the multibin expression `q:1%2c2%2c3` corresponds to the string `1,2,3` and the output
of the following command will be `2,4,5`:

    emit repl[q:1%2c2%2c3,2]:1,2,3,4,5

The first argument to the `refinery.repl` unit is the multibin argument `q:1%2c2%2c3`, which uses
the `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedArgument.q` handler to return `1,2,3`. The second argument to
this unit-based handler is `2`, separated from the previous one by a comma. Hence, `refinery.repl`
will replace all occurrences of `1,2,3` in the input with just `2`.

Some of the more complex non-unit handlers also have optional arguments.

## Technical Details

This module implements all argument parser types for the binary refinery. Notable classes for the
command line use are the following:

- `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedBinaryArgument` (used almost everywhere)
- `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedNumSeqArgument` (used by children of `refinery.units.blockwise.ArithmeticUnit`)
- `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedRegexpArgument` (used by `refinery.rex`, `refinery.resub`)

All of the above classes inherit from `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedArgument`. The following
mainly applies to `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedBinaryArgument`, but the other two parsers work
similar. The classes implement the various modifiers which are available to multibin expressions.

The reason why these parsers have **"delayed"** in their name is that they allow the implementation
of handlers which require input data to be present, like the handlers `copy` and `cut`, which are
implemented in `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedBinaryArgument.copy` and
`refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedBinaryArgument.cut`, respectively. These expressions can not be
evaluated immediately after the command line is parsed, but only as soon as input data becomes
available for processing.

As explained above, each refinery unit defines a (non-final) modifier. The expression `b64:Zm9v`,
for example, corresponds to the binary string `foo` - the unit `refinery.b64` is used to decode the
string `Zm9v` to `foo`. Arguments can be passed to units in square brackets and separated by commas,
but there is no support for escaping comma characters (see the previous section for more details).

## Examples

1. The multibin expression `xor[0xAA]:b64:2c/J2M/e` will return the binary string `secret`; the
   string `2c/J2M/e` is base64-decoded using `refinery.b64` and then each byte is xor'ed with the
   key `0xAA` by the unit `refinery.xor`.
2. The expression `hex[-R]:sha256:read:foobar.txt` is the hexadecimal representation of the SHA256
   hash of the contents of the file `foobar.txt` on disk.
"""
from __future__ import annotations

import ast
import builtins
import itertools
import inspect
import sys

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
from pathlib import Path
from argparse import ArgumentTypeError
from contextlib import suppress
from functools import update_wrapper, reduce, lru_cache
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, get_type_hints
from typing import AnyStr, Deque, Optional, Tuple, Union, Mapping, Any, List, TypeVar, Iterable, ByteString, Callable

from refinery.lib.frame import Chunk
from refinery.lib.tools import isbuffer, infinitize, one, normalize_to_identifier
from refinery.lib.types import NoMask
from refinery.lib.meta import is_valid_variable_name, metavars, Percentage

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from refinery import Unit

FinalType = TypeVar('FinalType')
DelayedType = Callable[[ByteString], FinalType]
MaybeDelayedType = Union[DelayedType[FinalType], FinalType]

_DEFAULT_BITS = 64
_REVERSE_SIGN = '!'


class ParserError(ArgumentTypeError):
    """
    An exception raised by the `refinery.lib.argformats.PythonExpression` parser.
    """
    pass


class ParserVariableMissing(ParserError):
    """
    Raised when the `refinery.lib.argformats.PythonExpression` parser fails to evaluate an
    expression because of a missing variable.
    """
    pass


class RepeatedInteger(int):
    """
    This class serves as a dual-purpose result for `refinery.lib.argformats.numseq`
    types. It is an integer, but can be infinitely iterated.
    """
    def __iter__(self): return self
    def __next__(self): return self


class LazyEvaluation:
    """
    Empty parent class for any unit that throws `refinery.lib.argformats.TooLazy`.
    """
    pass


class PythonExpression:
    """
    Implements a parser for any Python expression with a prescribed set of variable
    names permitted to occur in the expression. The resulting object is a callable
    which can be given the string representation of such an expression. In turn, the
    result of this operation is either the value of the expression if no variables
    were present, or a callable which expects keyword arguments corresponding to the
    permitted variable names.
    """
    def __init__(self, definition: AnyStr, *variables, constants=None, all_variables_allowed=False, mask=None):
        self.definition = definition = definition.strip()
        if not isinstance(definition, str):
            definition = definition.decode('utf8')
        constants = constants or {}
        variables = set(variables) | set(constants)
        try:
            expression = ast.parse(definition, mode='eval')
        except Exception:
            raise ParserError(F'The provided expression could not be parsed: {definition!s}')

        class Postprocessor(ast.NodeTransformer):
            if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
                def visit_Constant(self, node: ast.Constant):
                    if not isinstance(node.value, str):
                        return node
                    return ast.Constant(value=node.value.encode('utf8'))
            else:
                def visit_Str(self, node: ast.Str):
                    return ast.Bytes(s=node.s.encode('utf8'))

            def visit_MatMult(self, node: ast.MatMult) -> Any:
                return ast.BitXor()

            def visit_BinOp(self, node: ast.BinOp) -> Any:
                node = self.generic_visit(node)
                if mask in (NoMask, None):
                    return node
                if not isinstance(node.op, (ast.Add, ast.Mult, ast.Sub, ast.LShift, ast.Pow)):
                    return node
                return ast.BinOp(node, ast.BitAnd(), ast.Constant(mask))

            def visit_UnaryOp(self, node: ast.UnaryOp) -> Any:
                node = self.generic_visit(node)
                if mask in (NoMask, None):
                    return node
                if not isinstance(node.op, (ast.UAdd, ast.USub, ast.Invert)):
                    return node
                return ast.BinOp(node, ast.BitAnd(), ast.Constant(mask))

        expression = ast.fix_missing_locations(Postprocessor().visit(expression))
        nodes = ast.walk(expression)

        try:
            if type(next(nodes)) != ast.Expression:
                raise ParserError(F'Unknown error parsing the expression: {definition!s}')
        except StopIteration:
            raise ParserError('The input string is not a Python expression.')

        names = {node.id for node in nodes if isinstance(node, ast.Name)}
        names.difference_update(dir(builtins))
        names.difference_update(globals())
        if not all_variables_allowed and not names <= variables:
            raise ParserVariableMissing(
                'the following variable names are unknown: {}'.format(', '.join(names - variables)))

        self.variables = names
        self.constants = constants
        self.expression = compile(expression, '<string>', 'eval')

    def __str__(self):
        return self.definition

    def __call__(self, mapping: dict = None, **values):
        if mapping is not None:
            values, tmp = mapping, values
            values.update(tmp)
        variables = dict(values)
        for v in self.variables.difference(variables):
            try:
                variables[v] = values[v]
            except KeyError:
                raise ParserVariableMissing(v)
        variables.update(self.constants)
        return eval(self.expression, None, variables)

    @classmethod
    def Lazy(cls, definition: str):
        return cls(definition, all_variables_allowed=True)

    @classmethod
    def Evaluate(cls, definition: str, values: dict):
        """
        Creates a new `refinery.lib.argformats.PythonExpression` object based on `definition` and
        evaluates it based on the variable mapping `values`. If a variable used in the expression
        is missing, a `refinery.lib.argformats.ParserVariableMissing` exception is raised.
        """
        expression = cls(definition, all_variables_allowed=True)
        for name in expression.variables:
            if name not in values:
                raise ParserVariableMissing(name)
        return expression(values)


class SliceAgain(LazyEvaluation):
    """
    Raised by `refinery.lib.argformats.sliceobj` to indicate that meta variables
    are required to compute this slice.
    """
    def __init__(self, expr: Union[DelayedBinaryArgument, str]):
        self.expr = expr

    def __call__(self, data):
        expression = self.expr
        if pending(expression):
            expression = expression(data).decode('utf8')
        return sliceobj(expression, data)


def percent(expression: str):
    """
    Allows specification of percentages.
    """
    if expression.endswith('%'):
        return float(expression[:-1].strip()) / 100
    return float(expression)


def sliceobj(expression: Union[int, str, slice], data: Optional[Chunk] = None, range=False, final=False) -> Union[slice, SliceAgain]:
    """
    Uses `refinery.lib.argformats.PythonExpression` to parse slice expressions
    where the bounds can be given as arithmetic expressions. For example, this
    argument format type will process the string `0x11:0x11+4*0x34` as the slice
    object `slice(17, 225, None)`.
    """
    if isinstance(expression, (slice, SliceAgain)):
        return expression
    if isinstance(expression, int):
        return slice(expression, expression + 1, 1)
    if isinstance(expression, (bytes, bytearray)):
        expression = expression.decode('utf8')

    if data is None:
        variables = {}
    else:
        variables = metavars(data)
        if is_valid_variable_name(expression):
            try:
                return sliceobj(variables[expression], data, final=True)
            except Exception:
                pass

    sliced = expression and expression.split(':') or ['', '']

    if not sliced or len(sliced) > 3:
        raise ArgumentTypeError(F'The expression "{expression}" is not a valid slice.')
    try:
        sliced = [None if not t else PythonExpression.Evaluate(t, variables) for t in sliced]
    except ParserVariableMissing:
        if final:
            raise
        elif data is not None:
            parser = DelayedNumSeqArgument(expression)
            return sliceobj(parser(data), data, range, final=True)
        else:
            return SliceAgain(expression)
    if len(sliced) == 1:
        k = sliced[0]
        if not range:
            return slice(k, k + 1) if k + 1 else slice(k, None, None)
        return slice(0, k, 1)
    if range:
        range_defaults = (0, None, 1)
        k = len(range_defaults) - len(sliced)
        if k > 0:
            sliced.extend(range_defaults[-k:])
    for k, item in enumerate(sliced):
        if item is None:
            if range:
                sliced[k] = range_defaults[k]
            continue
        if isinstance(item, int):
            continue
        if isbuffer(item) and len(item) in (1, 2, 4, 8, 16):
            sliced[k] = int.from_bytes(item, 'little')
            continue
        raise TypeError(F'The value {item!r} of type {type(item).__name__} cannot be used as a slice index.')
    return slice(*sliced)


def slicerange(expression: Union[int, str, slice], data: Optional[Chunk] = None, final=False) -> Union[slice, SliceAgain]:
    return sliceobj(expression, data=data, range=True, final=final)


def utf8(x: str):
    """
    Returns the UTF8 encoding of the given string.
    """
    return x.encode('UTF8')


class IncompatibleHandler(ArgumentTypeError):
    """
    This exception is generated when `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedArgument` handlers
    are chained in an incompatible way.
    """
    def __init__(self, type_expected, type_observed, modifier):
        self.type_expected = type_expected
        self.type_observed = type_observed
        self.modifier = modifier
        modifier_name = F'handler {modifier}' if modifier else 'default handler'
        super().__init__('{} received {} but expected {}'.format(
            modifier_name,
            type_observed.__name__,
            type_expected.__name__
        ))


class TooLazy(Exception):
    """
    Exception which indicates that an argument parser requires input data before it can be
    evaluated.
    """
    pass


class VariableMissing(ArgumentTypeError):
    """
    Exception which indicates that a `refinery.lib.meta` variable was missing during evaluation
    of a Python expression.
    """
    def __init__(self, name):
        super().__init__(F'The variable {name} is not defined.')
        self.name = name


class DelayedArgumentDispatch:
    """
    This class is used as a decorator for the default handler of classes that inherit from
    `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedArgument`. After decorating the routine `handler` with
    `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedArgumentDispatch`, `handler.register` can be used to
    register additional handlers.
    """
    class Wrapper:
        def can_handle(self, *a): return self.ego.can_handle(*a)
        def terminates(self, *a): return self.ego.terminates(*a)

        def __init__(self, ego, arg):
            self.ego = ego
            self.arg = arg

        def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
            return self.ego(self.arg, *args, **kwargs)

        def __getattr__(self, key):
            return getattr(self.ego, key)

    @classmethod
    def Inherit(cls, parent: DelayedArgument):
        def wrap(method):
            dispatcher = cls(method)
            parent_dispatcher = parent.handler
            dispatcher.handlers.update(parent_dispatcher.handlers)
            dispatcher.final.update(parent_dispatcher.final)
            dispatcher.units = parent_dispatcher.units
            return dispatcher
        return wrap

    def __init__(self, method):
        update_wrapper(self, method)
        self.default = method
        self.handlers = {}
        self.final = {}
        self.units = {}

    def _get_unit(self, name: str, *args) -> Optional[Unit]:
        name, rev, empty = normalize_to_identifier(name).partition(_REVERSE_SIGN)
        if empty:
            return None
        uhash = hash((name,) + args)
        if uhash in self.units:
            return self.units[uhash]
        from refinery import load
        unit = load(name)
        unit = unit and unit.assemble(*args).log_detach()
        if rev == _REVERSE_SIGN:
            unit = -unit
        self.units[uhash] = unit
        return unit

    def __get__(self, instance, t=None):
        return self.Wrapper(self, instance)

    def __call__(self, instance: DelayedArgument, data, modifier=None, *args):
        try:
            handler = self.default if modifier is None else self.handlers[modifier]
        except KeyError:
            unit = self._get_unit(modifier, *args)
            if not unit:
                raise ArgumentTypeError(F'failed to build unit {modifier}')
            result = list(unit.act(data))
            if not result:
                return B''
            return B''.join(result) if len(result) > 1 else result[0]
        else:
            name = next(itertools.islice(inspect.signature(handler).parameters.values(), 1, None)).name
            hint = get_type_hints(handler).get(name, None)
            if hint == Iterable[type(data)]:
                data = (data,)
            if hint == str and isbuffer(data):
                if not isinstance(data, (bytes, bytearray)):
                    data = bytes(data)
                data = data.decode('utf8')
            return handler(instance, data, *args)

    def can_handle(self, modifier, *args):
        return modifier in self.handlers or bool(self._get_unit(modifier, *args))

    def terminates(self, modifier):
        """
        Indicates whether the given registered modifier is final.
        """
        return self.final.get(modifier, False)

    def register(self, *modifiers, final=False):
        """
        Registers a new modifier handler.
        """
        def _register(method):
            for modifier in modifiers:
                self.handlers[modifier] = method
                self.final[modifier] = final
            return method
        return _register


def LazyPythonExpression(expression: str) -> MaybeDelayedType[Any]:
    """
    Wraps the given expression for use as a `refinery.lib.argformats.multibin` expression. If it
    contains no variables, the expression is evaluated immediately, otherwise the function returns
    a callable that will evaluate the given expression on an incoming `refinery.lib.frame.Chunk`.
    """
    import re
    expression = expression.strip()
    if match := re.fullmatch(R'([1-9][0-9]?)%', expression):
        return Percentage(int(match[1]) / 100)
    if match := re.fullmatch(R'(?i)(?P<digits>[1-9][0-9]*|0)(?P<unit>[KMGTPE]B?)', expression):
        unit = match['unit'].upper()
        for k, symbol in enumerate('KMGTPE', 1):
            if unit.startswith(symbol):
                return int(match['digits']) * k * 1000
    if (parser := PythonExpression.Lazy(expression)).variables:
        def evaluate(data: Chunk):
            try:
                return parser(metavars(data))
            except ParserVariableMissing:
                # It is possible that a byte string can accidentally look like a valid Python
                # expression, e.g.: B0fGtH*9/HKlwT:
                definition = parser.definition
                if isinstance(definition, str):
                    definition = definition.encode('utf8')
                return definition
        return evaluate
    else:
        return parser()


class DelayedArgument(LazyEvaluation):
    """
    This base class for delayed argument parsers implements parsing expressions into supported modifiers.
    When `reverse` is set to `True`, the multibin expression is expected to have suffixes for handlers
    rather than prefixes. If the `seed` value is specified, the expression is expected to only contain
    a chain of handlers, and the given seed will be used as the initial value to be passed to them.
    """
    _ARG_BEGIN_TOKEN = '['
    _ARG_CLOSE_TOKEN = ']'
    _ARG_SPLIT_TOKEN = ','
    _CMD_SPLIT_TOKEN = ':'

    def __init__(self, expression: str, reverse: bool = False, seed=None):
        self.expression = expression
        self.modifiers = []
        self.finalized = False
        if seed is not None:
            if reverse:
                if not expression.startswith(':'):
                    expression = F':{expression}'
            else:
                if not expression.endswith(':'):
                    expression = F'{expression}:'
        while not self.finalized:
            name, arguments, newexpr = self._split_modifier(expression, reverse)
            if not name or not self.handler.can_handle(name, *arguments):
                break
            self.modifiers.append((name, arguments))
            expression = newexpr
            if self.handler.terminates(name):
                self.finalized = True
        if seed is not None:
            if expression:
                rt = 'reverse ' if reverse else ''
                raise ValueError(F'{rt}expression {self.expression} with seed {seed} was not fully parsed.')
            self.seed = seed
        else:
            self.seed = expression
        self.modifiers.reverse()

    def _split_expression(self, expression: str, reverse: bool = False) -> Tuple[str, Optional[str]]:
        argument_list_visited = False
        brackets = 0
        inc = self._ARG_BEGIN_TOKEN
        dec = self._ARG_CLOSE_TOKEN
        itx = enumerate(expression)
        if reverse:
            inc, dec = dec, inc
            itx = reversed(list(itx))
        for k, character in itx:
            if character == inc:
                if not brackets:
                    if argument_list_visited:
                        # This is the second time we encounter what appears to be an
                        # argument list, before the modifier has ended. This is not
                        # possible, and we decide to assume that no modifier was used.
                        break
                    argument_list_visited = True
                brackets += 1
                continue
            if character == dec:
                if not brackets:
                    break
                brackets -= 1
                continue
            if not brackets and character == self._CMD_SPLIT_TOKEN:
                head = expression[:k]
                tail = expression[k + 1:]
                return (head, tail) if reverse else (tail, head)
        return expression, None

    def _split_modifier(self, expression: str, reverse: bool = False) -> Tuple[Optional[str], Tuple[str], str]:
        brackets = 0
        name = None
        argoffset = 0
        arguments = ()

        rest, expression = self._split_expression(expression, reverse)
        if expression is None:
            return name, arguments, rest
        name = expression

        for k, character in enumerate(expression):
            if character == self._ARG_BEGIN_TOKEN:
                if not brackets:
                    if argoffset:
                        raise ArgumentTypeError(F'Unexpected error parsing "{expression}": Double argument list.')
                    name = expression[:k]
                    argoffset = k + 1
                brackets += 1
                continue
            if character == self._ARG_CLOSE_TOKEN:
                if brackets == 1:
                    arguments += expression[argoffset:k],
                elif not brackets:
                    if argoffset:
                        raise ArgumentTypeError(F'Unable to parse "{expression}": Too many closing brackets.')
                    else:
                        break
                brackets -= 1
                continue
            if character == self._ARG_SPLIT_TOKEN:
                if brackets == 1:
                    arguments += expression[argoffset:k],
                    argoffset = k + 1
            if character == self._CMD_SPLIT_TOKEN and not brackets:
                raise ArgumentTypeError(F'Unexpected error parsing "{expression}".')
        return name, arguments, rest

    def __call__(self, data: Optional[ByteString] = None) -> bytes:
        arg = self.seed
        mod = iter(self.modifiers)
        if not self.finalized:
            mod = itertools.chain(((None, ()),), mod)
        for name, arguments in mod:
            if isbuffer(arg):
                arg = Chunk(arg)
                with suppress(AttributeError):
                    arg.meta.update(data.meta)
            try:
                arg = self.handler(arg, name, *arguments)
            except VariableMissing as v:
                if data is not None:
                    raise
                raise TooLazy from v
            except AttributeError as AE:
                raise ArgumentTypeError(F'failed to apply modifier {name} to incoming data: {AE}') from AE
            if callable(arg):
                if data is None:
                    raise TooLazy
                arg = arg(data)
        return arg

    def __eq__(self, other):
        if isinstance(other, DelayedArgument):
            return other.expression == self.expression
        try:
            # Try to realize on a completely empty chunk of data. If the result equals the
            # other object, we are likely identical and we were too cautious when delaying.
            value = self(B'')
        except Exception:
            return False
        else:
            return value == other

    def default_handler(self, expression: str) -> bytes:
        try:
            return open(expression, 'rb').read()
        except Exception:
            pass
        try:
            return utf8(expression)
        except Exception:
            return expression

    @DelayedArgumentDispatch
    def handler(self, expression) -> bytes:
        return self.default_handler(expression)

    @handler.register('s', 'S', final=True)
    def s(self, string: str) -> bytes:
        """
        The final modifier `s:string` returns the UTF-8 encoded representation of `string`.
        """
        return string.encode('UTF8')

    @handler.register('u', 'U', final=True)
    def u(self, string: str) -> bytes:
        """
        The final modifier `u:string` returns the UTF16 (little endian without BOM) encoded
        representation of `string`.
        """
        return string.encode('UTF-16LE')

    @handler.register('a', 'A', final=True)
    def a(self, string: str) -> bytes:
        """
        The final modifier `a:string` returns the latin-1 encoded representation of `string`.
        """
        return string.encode('LATIN-1')

    @handler.register('h!', 'H!')
    def hexencode(self, string: bytes) -> bytes:
        """
        The modifier `h!` (or `H!`) encodes the input as hexadecimal.
        """
        import base64
        return base64.b16encode(string)

    @handler.register('h', 'H', final=True)
    def h(self, string: str) -> bytes:
        """
        The final modifier `h:string` (or `H:string`) returns the hex decoding of `string`.
        """
        import base64
        return base64.b16decode(string, casefold=True)

    @handler.register('n')
    def n(self, string: bytes) -> bytes:
        """
        The final modifier `n:string` returns the un-escaped version of a string containing
        backslash escape sequences.
        """
        from refinery.units.encoding.esc import esc
        return esc().process(string)

    @handler.register('q', 'Q', final=True)
    def q(self, string: str) -> bytes:
        """
        The final modifier `q:string` (or `Q:string`) returns the url-quote decoding of `string`.
        """
        import urllib.parse
        return urllib.parse.unquote_to_bytes(string)

    @handler.register('read', final=True)
    def read(self, path: str, region: str = None) -> bytes:
        """
        Returns the contents of the file located at the given path. This path may contain
        wildcard characters, but this pattern has to match a single file. It is also possible
        to use the handler as `read[offset]` or as `read[offset:count]` to read `count` many
        bytes from the file at the given offset.
        """
        return self._file(path, region)

    @handler.register('readfrom')
    def readfrom(self, path: bytes, region: str = None) -> bytes:
        """
        A non-final variant of the `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedArgument.read` handler. This
        handler should only be used to read from path names that were the result of a previous
        handler. Using `readfrom:sample.bin` will cause an error: Since `readfrom` is not final,
        the default handler will be applied to `sample.bin`, feeding the binary contents of the
        file into `readfrom`, but the handler is expecting a path name.
        """
        try:
            path = path.decode('utf8')
        except UnicodeDecodeError:
            raise ArgumentTypeError(
                'The input for the readfrom handler was not a path. Consider using the read '
                'handler instead, which is final.')
        else:
            return self._file(path, region)

    def _file(self, pattern: str, region: str) -> Optional[bytes]:
        def read(data: Optional[Chunk] = None):
            if not region:
                bounds = slice(0, None)
            else:
                bounds = sliceobj(region, data, range=True)
            if bounds.step and bounds.step != 1:
                raise ValueError('Step size is not supported for file slices.')
            with open(path, 'rb') as stream:
                stream.seek(bounds.start or 0)
                return stream.read(bounds.stop)
        try:
            path: Path = one(Path.cwd().glob(pattern))
        except (NotImplementedError, LookupError):
            path: Path = Path(pattern)
        try:
            return read()
        except FileNotFoundError:
            raise ArgumentTypeError(F'File not found: {pattern}')
        except Exception:
            return read

    @handler.register('range', final=True)
    def range(self, region: str) -> bytes:
        """
        Implements the final modifier `range:bounds` to generate a sequence of bytes, where
        `bounds` is parsed as a `refinery.lib.argformats.sliceobj` with one exception: If
        `bounds` is just a single integer, it is interpreted as the upper bound for a sequence
        of bytes starting at zero.
        """
        def compute_range(data: Optional[Chunk] = None):
            try:
                bounds = sliceobj(region, data, range=True)
            except ParserVariableMissing:
                raise TooLazy
            if pending(bounds):
                raise TooLazy
            start = bounds.start or 0
            stop = bounds.stop
            step = bounds.step or 1
            if stop is None:
                return itertools.islice(itertools.count(), start, None, step)
            result = range(start, stop, step)
            if 0 <= start and stop <= 0x100:
                result = bytearray(result)
            return result
        try:
            return compute_range()
        except TooLazy:
            return compute_range

    @handler.register('env', final=True)
    def env(self, name: str) -> bytes:
        """
        The final modifier `env:name` returns the UTF8-encoded value of the environment variable
        with the given name.
        """
        import os
        return os.environ[name]

    @handler.register('pos')
    def pos(self, regex: ByteString, occurrence: int = 0) -> int:
        """
        The handler pos[k=0]:[regex] returns the position of the k-th occurrence of the regular
        expression [regex]. The value `k` can be set to `-1` to return the position of the last
        match. If `k` is a negative value, then the handler returns the offset at the end of the
        match rather than the one at the beginning. If no match is found, the handler returns
        the value `-1`.
        """
        if isinstance(occurrence, str):
            occurrence = int(occurrence, 0)

        def _pos(data: bytearray) -> int:
            import re
            it: Iterable[re.Match] = re.finditer(bytes(regex), data, flags=re.DOTALL)

            if occurrence < 0:
                from collections import deque
                matches: Deque[re.Match] = deque()
                while len(matches) < -occurrence:
                    try:
                        matches.append(next(it))
                    except StopIteration:
                        return -1
                for match in it:
                    matches.append(match)
                    matches.popleft()
                return matches[0].end()
            else:
                for k, match in enumerate(it):
                    if k == occurrence:
                        return match.start()
                else:
                    return -1

        return _pos

    @handler.register('rx')
    def rx(self, str: bytes) -> bytes:
        """
        The handler `rx:str` returns a regular expression which matches the exact string
        sequence given by `str`, with special regular expression control characters escaped.
        """
        import re
        return re.escape(str)

    @handler.register('c', 'copy', final=True)
    def copy(self, region: str) -> bytes:
        """
        Implements the final modifier `c:region` or `copy:region`, where `region` is parsed
        as a `refinery.lib.argformats.sliceobj`. The result contains the corresponding slice
        of the input data.
        """
        return lambda d: d[sliceobj(region, d)]

    @handler.register('x', 'cut', final=True)
    def cut(self, region: str) -> bytes:
        """
        `x:region` and `cut:region` work like `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedBinaryArgument.copy`,
        but the corresponding bytes are also removed from the input data.
        """
        def extract(data: Union[bytearray, Chunk]):
            bounds = sliceobj(region, data)
            result = bytearray(data[bounds])
            data[bounds] = []
            return result
        return extract

    @handler.register('pp')
    def pp(self, input: bytes, region: Union[slice, str] = slice(1, None, 1), separator: bytes = B'/') -> bytes:
        """
        The handler `pp[region=1:,sep=/]:input` splits the input at the given string `sep`
        and reverses the sequence. Parts are then selected according to the `region` parameter,
        which can be any expression in Python slice syntax. Afterwards, the resulting sequence
        is reversed again and joined at the `sep` parameter. For example, the expression

            pp[:2]:/path/to/some/item/and/more

        will return the string `/path/to/some/item`.
        """
        def _pp(data: Optional[Chunk] = None):
            b: slice = sliceobj(region, data=data, final=True)
            pp = input.split(separator)
            pp.reverse()
            pp = pp[b]
            pp.reverse()
            return separator.join(pp)
        try:
            return _pp()
        except TooLazy:
            return _pp

    @handler.register('pb')
    def pb(self, input: bytes, separator: bytes = B'/') -> bytes:
        """
        The handler `pb:input` is equivalent to `pp[0:1]:input` and corresponds to "basename".
        """
        return self.pp(input, slice(0, 1, 1), separator=separator)

    @handler.register('pn')
    def pn(self, path: Union[str, bytes]) -> bytes:
        """
        The handler `pn:/path/to/file.ext` returns `/path/to/file`, i.e. the path without its
        extension. The handler name is short for "path name". If the last part does not have
        any extension, the input path is returned unchanged.
        """
        if not isinstance(path, str):
            path = path.decode('utf8')
        return Path(path).with_suffix('').as_posix().encode()

    @handler.register('px')
    def px(self, path: Union[str, bytes]) -> bytes:
        """
        The handler `px:/path/to/file.ext` returns `ext`, i.e. the extension
        extension. The handler name is short for "path name".
        """
        if not isinstance(path, str):
            path = path.decode('utf8')
        return Path(path).suffix[1:].encode()

    def _interpret_variable(self, name: str, obj: Any):
        if isbuffer(obj) or isinstance(obj, int) or obj is None:
            return obj
        if isinstance(obj, str):
            return utf8(obj)
        if isinstance(obj, (tuple, set, frozenset)):
            obj = list(obj)
        if isinstance(obj, list):
            return obj
        raise ArgumentTypeError(F'The meta variable {name} is of type {type(obj).__name__} and no conversion is known.')

    @handler.register('v', 'var', final=True)
    def var(self, name: str) -> bytes:
        """
        The final handler `var:name` contains the value of the meta variable `name`.
        The variable remains attached to the chunk.
        """
        def extract(data: Chunk):
            meta = metavars(data)
            try:
                result = meta[name]
            except KeyError:
                raise VariableMissing(name)
            return self._interpret_variable(name, result)
        return extract

    @handler.register('eat', final=True)
    def eat(self, name: str) -> bytes:
        """
        The final handler `eat:name` contains the value of the meta variable `name`.
        The variable is removed from the chunk and no longer available to subsequent
        units.
        """
        def extract(data: Chunk):
            try:
                result = data.meta.pop(name)
            except KeyError as K:
                raise VariableMissing(name) from K
            return self._interpret_variable(name, result)
        return extract

    @handler.register('e', 'E', 'eval')
    def eval(self, expression) -> Any:
        """
        Final modifier `e:expression` or `eval:expression`; uses a `refinery.lib.argformats.PythonExpression`
        parser to process expressions. The expression can contain any meta variable that is attached to the
        chunk. The `refinery.cm` unit can be used to attach information such as chunk size and the chunk
        index within the current frame (see `refinery.lib.frame`).
        """
        if isbuffer(expression):
            expression = expression.decode('utf8')
        if not isinstance(expression, str):
            return expression
        return LazyPythonExpression(expression)

    @handler.register('btoi')
    def btoi(self, binary: ByteString, size=None, step=None) -> Iterable[int]:
        """
        The modifier `btoi[size=0,step=0]:data` uses `refinery.lib.chunks.unpack` to convert a
        sequence of bytes into a sequence of integers.

        The optional parameter `size` has to be an integer expression whose absolute value gives
        the size of each encoded number in bytes. Its default value is `0`, which corresponds to
        choosing the size automatically in the following manner: If the length of the buffer is
        uneven, the value 1 is chosen. If the length modulo 4 is nonzero, the value 2 is chosen. If
        the length is divisible by 4, then 4 is chosen. To unpack as big endian as opposed to the
        default little endian, a negative value for `size` has to be specified. The absolute value
        of `size` will be used.

        By default, integers are parsed from the input buffer at offsets that are integer multiples
        of the block size. The optional parameter `step` can be used to override this behavior. For
        example, `btoi[2,1]` can be used to read 16-bit values at each byte offset.
        """
        from refinery.lib import chunks
        size = int(size, 0) if size else 0
        step = int(step, 0) if step else 0
        bigE = size < 0
        size = abs(size)
        if not size:
            n = len(binary)
            if n % 2:
                size = 1
            elif n % 4:
                size = 2
            else:
                size = 4
        return list(chunks.unpack(binary, size, bigE, step))

    @handler.register('itob')
    def itob(self, integers: Iterable[int], size=None) -> ByteString:
        """
        The modifier `itob[size=0]:integers` is the inverse of `btoi` and works in the same way,
        except that the case `size=0` is handled in the following way: The handler inspects all
        integers in the input and determines the minimum block size required to pack all of them.
        """
        from refinery.lib import chunks
        size = int(size, 0) if size else 0
        bigE = size < 0
        size = abs(size)
        if not size:
            def byte_length(n: int):
                width, overflow = divmod(n.bit_length(), 8)
                if overflow: width += 1
                return width
            if not isinstance(integers, list):
                integers = list(integers)
            size = max((byte_length(n) for n in integers), default=1)
            size = max(size, 1)
        else:
            mask = (1 << (size * 8)) - 1
            integers = (integer & mask for integer in integers)
        return chunks.pack(integers, size, bigE)

    @handler.register('inc')
    def inc(self, it: Iterable[int], precision=None) -> Iterable[int]:
        """
        The modifier `inc:it` or `inc[N=64]:it` expects a sequence `it` of integers (a binary
        string is interpreted as the sequence of its byte values), iterates it cyclically and
        perpetually adds an increasing counter to the result. If the number `N` is nonzero, then
        the counter is limited to `N` bits.
        """
        precision = precision and int(precision, 0) or _DEFAULT_BITS
        it = infinitize(it)
        if precision:
            def delay(_):
                mask = (1 << precision) - 1
                for a, b in zip(it, itertools.cycle(range(mask + 1))):
                    yield a + b & mask
        else:
            def delay(_):
                for a, b in zip(it, itertools.count()):
                    yield a + b
        return delay

    @handler.register('dec')
    def dec(self, it: Iterable[int], precision=None) -> Iterable[int]:
        """
        Identical to `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedNumSeqArgument.inc`, but decreasing the counter
        rather than increasing it.
        """
        precision = precision and int(precision, 0) or _DEFAULT_BITS
        it = infinitize(it)
        if precision:
            def delay(_):
                mask = (1 << precision) - 1
                for a, b in zip(it, itertools.cycle(range(mask + 1))):
                    yield a - b & mask
        else:
            def delay(_):
                for a, b in zip(it, itertools.count()):
                    yield a - b
        return delay

    @handler.register('take')
    def take(self, it: Iterable[int], bounds: Optional[str] = None):
        """
        The handler `take[start:stop:step]` expects an integer sequence as input and applies a slice
        to it. Slices are given in Python syntax, so `take[::2]` will extract every second item from
        the incoming data. The default sequence is `1:`, i.e. skipping the first element.
        """
        def sliced(bounds):
            try:
                return it[bounds]
            except TypeError:
                subsequence = itertools.islice(it, bounds.start, bounds.stop, bounds.step)
                if bounds.stop is not None:
                    subsequence = list(subsequence)
                    if all(t in range(0x100) for t in subsequence):
                        subsequence = bytearray(subsequence)
                return subsequence
        bounds = bounds and sliceobj(bounds) or slice(1, None)
        if isinstance(bounds, slice):
            return sliced(bounds)
        return lambda d: sliced(bounds(d))

    @handler.register('cycle')
    def cycle(self, it: Iterable[int]) -> Iterable[int]:
        """
        The `cycle` handler turns a finite integer sequence into an infinitely repeating integer sequence.
        """
        if isinstance(it, itertools.cycle):
            return it
        return itertools.cycle(it)

    @handler.register('rng', final=True)
    def rng(
        self,
        size: str,
    ) -> bytes:
        """
        The `rng:count` handler generates `count` secure random bytes using the Python standard
        library module function `secrets.token_bytes`.
        """
        import secrets
        size = PythonExpression.Lazy(size)
        try:
            _size = size()
        except ParserVariableMissing:
            def finalize(data):
                meta = dict(metavars(data))
                return secrets.token_bytes(size(meta))
            return finalize
        else:
            return secrets.token_bytes(_size)

    @handler.register('prng', final=True)
    def prng(
        self,
        size: str,
        seed: Optional[str] = None
    ) -> bytes:
        """
        The `prng[seed]:count` handler generates `count` random bytes using Python's built-in random
        number generator. The `seed` argument can be omitted, in which case the PRNG will be seeded
        with the current timestamp in nanoseconds.
        """
        import random
        import time

        try:
            randbytes = random.randbytes
        except AttributeError:
            def randbytes(n):
                return bytearray(random.randint(0, 0xFF) for _ in range(n))

        seed = time.time_ns if seed is None else PythonExpression.Lazy(seed)
        size = PythonExpression.Lazy(size)
        try:
            _size = size()
            _seed = seed()
        except ParserVariableMissing:
            def finalize(data):
                meta = dict(metavars(data))
                random.seed(seed(meta))
                return randbytes(size(meta))
            return finalize
        else:
            random.seed(_seed)
            return randbytes(_size)

    @handler.register('accu', final=True)
    def accu(
        self,
        spec: str,
        seed: Optional[str] = None,
        skip: Optional[str] = None,
        precision: Optional[str] = None
    ) -> Iterable[int]:
        """
        The final handler

            accu[seed=0,skip=1,precision=64]:update[#feed]

        expects `seed`, `skip`, `update`, and `feed` to be Python expressions. It generates an infinite integer
        sequence maintaining an internal state `A`: The initial value for `A` is `seed`. Each subsequent state is
        the result of evaluating the `update` expression, which can use the variable `A` to access the current
        state. The next integer value to be generated is the result of evaluating the expression `feed`, which
        may again use the variable `A` to access the internal state. If the `feed` expression is omitted, the
        complete state `A` is emitted in each step. The value of `skip` specifies the number of elements from the
        beginning of the sequence that should be skipped. The value of `precision` specifies the number of bits
        that are used by the internal state variable `A`. You can specify `precision` to be zero if you want the
        result to be an unbounded big integer.

        Instead of a Python expression, the  variable `update` can also be one of the following values, which
        are pre-defined update routines based on popular generators:

        - `@libc`: `A * 0x041C64E6D + 0x003039`
        - `@ansi`: `A * 0x041C64E6D + 0x003039 # (A >> 0x10)`
        - `@msvc`: `A * 0x0000343FD + 0x269EC3 # (A >> 0x10)`
        - `@msvb`: `A * 0x043FD43FD + 0xC39EC3`
        - `@java`: `A * 0x5DEECE66D + 0x00000B`
        - `@mmix`: `A * 6364136223846793005 + 1442695040888963407`
        """
        if spec.startswith('@'):
            try:
                spec = {
                    '@libc': 'A * 0x041C64E6D + 0x003039',
                    '@ansi': 'A * 0x041C64E6D + 0x003039 # (A >> 0x10)',
                    '@msvc': 'A * 0x0000343FD + 0x269EC3 # (A >> 0x10)',
                    '@msvb': 'A * 0x043FD43FD + 0xC39EC3',
                    '@java': 'A * 0x5DEECE66D + 0x00000B',
                    '@mmix': 'A * 6364136223846793005 + 1442695040888963407'
                }[spec]
            except KeyError:
                raise ArgumentTypeError(F'The generator type {spec} is unknown.')
        update, _, feed = spec.partition('#')
        update = PythonExpression.Lazy(update)
        seed = seed or '0'
        seed = PythonExpression.Lazy(seed)
        feed = feed and PythonExpression.Lazy(feed)
        skip = 1 if skip is None else int(skip, 0)
        precision = precision and int(precision, 0) or _DEFAULT_BITS
        mask = precision and (1 << precision) - 1

        def finalize(data: Optional[Chunk] = None):
            @lru_cache(maxsize=512, typed=False)
            def accumulate(A):
                return update(meta, A=A)
            meta = dict(metavars(data))
            A = seed and seed(meta) or 0
            F = feed(meta, A=A) if feed else A
            S = skip
            while True:
                if not S:
                    yield F
                else:
                    S = S - 1
                A = accumulate(A)
                if mask:
                    A &= mask
                F = feed(meta, A=A) if feed else A
        try:
            update(A=seed())
        except ParserVariableMissing:
            return finalize
        else:
            return finalize()

    @handler.register('be')
    def be(self, arg: Union[int, ByteString], size: Optional[str] = None) -> int:
        """
        The handler `be[size=0]:data` converts a binary input into the integer that it encodes in
        big endian format, and vice versa. The optional parameter `size` can be used to specify
        the number of bytes used for encoding integers. For byte string inputs, this parameter is
        used to truncate the input before conversion.
        """
        if size is not None:
            size = int(size, 0)
        if isinstance(arg, int):
            if size is None:
                size, r = divmod(arg.bit_length(), 8)
                size += int(bool(r))
            return arg.to_bytes(max(size, 1), 'big')
        else:
            return int.from_bytes(arg[:size], 'big')

    @handler.register('le')
    def le(self, arg: Union[int, ByteString], size: Optional[str] = None) -> int:
        """
        The handler `be[size=0]:data` converts a binary input into the integer that it encodes in
        little endian format, and vice versa. The optional parameter `size` can be used to specify
        the number of bytes used for encoding integers. For byte string inputs, this parameter is
        used to truncate the input before conversion.
        """
        if size is not None:
            size = int(size, 0)
        if isinstance(arg, int):
            if size is None:
                size, r = divmod(arg.bit_length(), 8)
                size += int(bool(r))
            return arg.to_bytes(max(size, 1), 'little')
        else:
            return int.from_bytes(arg[:size], 'little')

    @handler.register('reduce')
    def reduce(self, it: Iterable[int], reduction: str, seed: Optional[str] = None) -> int:
        """
        The handler `reduce[reduction, seed=0]` has two parameters. The string `reduction` is a
        Python expression that involves the two special variables `S` (the state) and `B`
        (the current block value). This expression is evaluated for every `B` in the incoming
        integer sequence and assigned back to `S`. The starting value of `S` is given by `seed`,
        which has a default value of `0` and must also be given as a Python expression.
        """
        seed = seed and PythonExpression.Lazy(seed)
        reduction = PythonExpression.Lazy(reduction)

        def finalize(data: Optional[Chunk] = None):
            def _reduction(S, B):
                v = reduction(args, S=S, B=B)
                return v
            args = dict(metavars(data))
            return reduce(_reduction, it, seed and seed(args) or 0)

        try:
            return finalize()
        except ParserVariableMissing:
            return finalize


class DelayedBinaryArgument(DelayedArgument):
    """
    A parser for binary arguments. It does not implement any handlers beyond the default handlers that
    are implemented in `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedArgument`.
    """

    def __call__(self, data: Optional[ByteString] = None) -> bytes:
        value = super().__call__(data=data)
        if not isbuffer(value):
            if isinstance(value, str):
                return value.encode('utf8')
            if not value:
                return B''
            raise ArgumentTypeError(
                F'The expression {self.expression} returned a value of type {type(value).__name__}, '
                R'which could not be converted to a byte string.'
            )
        return value


class DelayedNumSeqArgument(DelayedArgument):
    """
    A parser for sequences of numeric arguments. It does not implement any handlers beyond the default
    handlers that are implemented in `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedArgument`, but the default handler
    attempts to evalue the input as a Python expression.
    """

    def __init__(self, expression: str, reverse=False, seed=None, typecheck=True, additional_types=None):
        super().__init__(expression, reverse, seed)
        self.typecheck = typecheck
        self.additional_types = additional_types or []

    def default_handler(self, expression: str) -> Iterable[int]:
        """
        Attempts to parse the input expression as a sequence of integers. If this fails, the handler defaults
        to the parent `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedArgument.default_handler`.
        """
        try:
            with open(expression, 'rb') as stream:
                return stream.read()
        except Exception:
            pass
        try:
            return LazyPythonExpression(expression)
        except Exception:
            if isinstance(expression, str):
                return super().default_handler(expression)
            return expression

    def __call__(self, data: Optional[Union[ByteString, Chunk]] = None) -> Iterable[int]:
        value = super().__call__(data)
        if isbuffer(value):
            return value
        if isinstance(value, str):
            return value.encode()
        if hasattr(value, '__iter__'):
            try:
                if len(value) == 1:
                    return RepeatedInteger(next(iter(value)))
            except TypeError:
                def rewind():
                    yield top
                    yield from it
                it = iter(value)
                top = next(it)
                if not isinstance(top, int):
                    raise ArgumentTypeError(
                        F'The first item {top!r} of the iterable computed from {self.expression} was not an integer.')
                return rewind()
            else:
                return value
        if isinstance(value, float):
            tmp = int(value)
            if float(tmp) == value:
                value = tmp
        if isinstance(value, int):
            return RepeatedInteger(value)
        if not self.typecheck:
            return value
        if self.additional_types:
            typecheck = self.additional_types
            try:
                typecheck = tuple(typecheck)
            except Exception:
                pass
            try:
                if isinstance(value, typecheck):
                    return value
            except Exception:
                pass
        raise ArgumentTypeError(
            F'The value computed from {self.expression} is of type {type(value).__name__} but the unit requested an '
            R'integer or a sequence of integers.'
        )


class DelayedRegexpArgument(DelayedArgument):
    """
    A parser for regular expressions arguments. It implements two additional handlers beyond the ones
    inherited from `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedArgument`.
    """

    @DelayedArgumentDispatch.Inherit(DelayedArgument)
    def handler(self, expression: str) -> bytes:
        """
        The default handler encodes the input expression as latin-1 to return a binary
        string regular expression.
        Furthermore, the use of named patterns from `refinery.lib.patterns.formats` and
        `refinery.lib.patterns.indicators` is possible by means of the extension format
        `(??name)`. For example, the pattern `e:((??url)\\x00){4}` will match a sequence
        of four URL strings which are all terminated with a null character.
        """
        if '(??' in expression:
            import re
            from refinery.lib.patterns import formats, indicators

            def replace(match):
                name = match[1]
                return '(?:{})'.format(formats.get(
                    name, indicators.get(name, match[0])))

            expression = re.sub(
                R'\(\?\?({}|{})\)'.format(
                    '|'.join(p.name for p in formats),
                    '|'.join(p.name for p in indicators)
                ),
                replace,
                expression
            )

        return expression.encode('latin-1')

    @handler.register('f', final=True)
    def format(self, name: str) -> bytes:
        """
        The handler `f:[name]` returns a regular expression for to one of the format types
        supported by `refinery.carve` unit.
        """
        from refinery.lib.patterns import formats
        try:
            return formats[name]
        except LookupError:
            raise ArgumentTypeError(
                F'Based on the prefix "f:", the parser looked for a carve format named "{name}".'
                U' No such format is known; prefix the entire expression with "s:" if this was '
                U'unintended, otherwise correct the format name spelling.')

    @handler.register('yara', 'Y')
    def yara(self, pattern: bytes) -> bytes:
        """
        The handler `yara:pattern` or `Y:pattern` converts YARA syntax wildcard hexadecimal
        expressions into standard regular expressions. For example, the string `D?` is
        translated to `[\\xD0-\\xDF]`, the expression `[2-6]` becomes `.{2,6}`, and `?D`
        becomes the following substring:
        ```
        [\\x0D\\x1D\\x2D\\x3D\\x4D\\x5D\\x6D\\x7D\\x8D\\x9D\\xAD\\xBD\\xCD\\xDD\\xED\\xFD]
        ```
        Only two-letter hexadecimal sequences with optional `?` wildcards and wildcard
        ranges such as `[2-6]` are substituted, all other characters in the pattern are
        left unchanged.
        """
        import re

        def y2r(match):
            expr = match[0]
            if expr == B'??':
                return B'.'
            if B'?' not in expr:
                return BR'\x%s' % expr
            if expr.endswith(B'?'):
                return BR'[\x%c0-\x%cF]' % (expr[0], expr[0])
            return BR'[%s]' % BR''.join(
                BR'\x%x%c' % (k, expr[1]) for k in range(0x10)
            )

        def yara_range(rng):
            return B'.{%s}' % B','.join(t.strip() for t in rng[1:-1].split(B'-'))

        pattern = re.split(BR'(\[\s*\d+(?:\s*-\s*\d+)?\s*\])', pattern)
        pattern[0::2] = [re.sub(BR'[A-Fa-f0-9?]{2}', y2r, c) for c in pattern[::2]]
        pattern[1::2] = [yara_range(b) for b in pattern[1::2]]
        return B''.join(pattern)


class DelayedNumberArgument(DelayedArgument):
    """
    A parser for numeric arguments. Implements no handlers beyond the ones inherited from its parent
    `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedArgument`. The final handler output is expected to be an integer.
    The class can be initialized with numerical bounds and checks the validity of the input after
    having evaluated all handlers.
    """
    def __init__(self, expression: str, min: int, max: int):
        self.min = min
        self.max = max
        super().__init__(expression)

    def __call__(self, data: Union[ByteString, Chunk, None] = None) -> int:
        value = super().__call__(data)
        if not isinstance(value, int):
            tv = type(value).__name__
            raise ArgumentTypeError(F'The value computed from {self.expression} is of type {tv}, it should be an integer.')
        if self.min is not None and value < self.min or self.max is not None and value > self.max:
            a = '-∞' if self.min is None else self.min
            b = '∞' if self.max is None else self.max
            raise ArgumentTypeError(F'value {value} is out of bounds [{a}, {b}]')
        return value

    def default_handler(self, expression: str) -> int:
        """
        The default handler: Attempts to parse the input expression as an integer.
        """
        return LazyPythonExpression(expression)


class number:
    __name__ = 'number'

    def __init__(self, min=None, max=None):
        self.min = min
        self.max = max

    def __getitem__(self, bounds):
        return self.__class__(bounds.start, bounds.stop)

    def __call__(self, value):
        if isinstance(value, int):
            return value
        try:
            delay = DelayedNumberArgument(value, self.min, self.max)
            try:
                return delay()
            except TooLazy:
                return delay
        except ParserError:
            import re
            match = re.fullmatch('(?:0x)?([A-F0-9]+)H?', value, flags=re.IGNORECASE)
            if not match:
                raise
            return number(F'0x{match[1]}')


number = number()
"""
The singleton instance of a class that uses `refinery.lib.argformats.PythonExpression`
to parse expressions with integer value. This singleton can be slice accessed to
create new number parsers, e.g. `number[0:]` will refuse to parse negative integer
expressions.
"""


def numseq(expression: Union[int, str], reverse=False, seed=None, typecheck=True) -> Union[Iterable[int], DelayedNumSeqArgument]:
    """
    This is the argument parser type that uses `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedNumSeqArgument`.
    """
    if isinstance(expression, int):
        return RepeatedInteger(expression)
    arg = DelayedNumSeqArgument(expression, reverse=reverse, seed=seed, typecheck=typecheck)
    with suppress(TooLazy):
        return arg()
    return arg


def multibin(expression: Union[str, bytes, bytearray], reverse=False, seed=None) -> Union[bytes, DelayedArgument]:
    """
    This is the argument parser type that uses `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedBinaryArgument`.
    """
    if not isinstance(expression, str):
        return bytes(expression)
    arg = DelayedBinaryArgument(expression, reverse, seed)
    with suppress(TooLazy):
        return arg()
    return arg


def regexp(expression: str) -> Union[int, bytes, DelayedRegexpArgument]:
    """
    This is the argument parser type that uses `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedRegexpArgument`.
    """
    arg = DelayedRegexpArgument(expression)
    with suppress(TooLazy):
        return arg()
    return arg


class Option(ABC):
    name: str
    mode: Any

    @abstractmethod
    def __init__(self, name: str):
        raise NotImplementedError

    def __eq__(self, other):
        return str(other) == self.name

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(self.name)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

    def __repr__(self):
        return self.name

    @property
    def value(self):
        return self.mode


def OptionFactory(options: Mapping[str, Any], ignorecase: bool = False):
    """
    The factory produces an argument parser type that accepts the keys of `options`
    as possible values and causes the parsed argument to contain the corresponding
    value from the `options` dictionary.
    """
    try:
        cache = OptionFactory.Cache
    except AttributeError:
        cache = OptionFactory.Cache = {}

    option_description = ','.join(sorted(options))
    option_identifier = hash(option_description)

    try:
        return cache[option_identifier]
    except KeyError:
        pass

    class TheOption(Option):
        def __init__(self, name: str):
            if ignorecase and name not in options:
                needle = name.upper()
                for key in options:
                    if needle == key.upper():
                        name = key
                        break
            if name not in options:
                raise ValueError('The option %s is not one of these: %s' % (name, list(options)))
            self.mode = options[name]
            self.name = name

    TheOption.__qualname__ = F'OptionFactory.Option[{option_description}]'
    cache[option_identifier] = TheOption
    return TheOption


def extract_options(symbols, prefix: str, *exceptions: str):
    """
    A helper function to extract all numeric constants from modules that have a certain
    prefix. `refinery.units.crypto.cipher.StandardCipherUnit` uses this to extract the
    block cipher modes of operation from block cipher modules of the `pycryptodome` library.
    """
    candidates = {
        k[len(prefix):]: getattr(symbols, k, None)
        for k in dir(symbols) if k.startswith(prefix) and all(
            e not in k for e in exceptions
        )
    }
    return {k: v for k, v in candidates.items() if isinstance(v, int)}


def pending(argument: Union[Any, Iterable[Any]]) -> bool:
    """
    This function returns a boolean value which indicates whether the given
    argument is a `refinery.lib.argformats.LazyEvaluation`.
    """
    if isinstance(argument, (list, tuple)):
        return any(pending(x) for x in argument)
    return isinstance(argument, LazyEvaluation)


def manifest(argument: Union[Any, List[Any]], data: bytearray) -> Union[Any, List[Any]]:
    """
    Returns the manifestation of a `refinery.lib.argformats.LazyEvaluation`
    on the given data. This function can change the data.
    """
    if isinstance(argument, (list, tuple)):
        return [manifest(x, data) for x in argument]
    return argument(data) if isinstance(argument, LazyEvaluation) else argument

Global variables

var number

The singleton instance of a class that uses PythonExpression to parse expressions with integer value. This singleton can be slice accessed to create new number parsers, e.g. number[0:] will refuse to parse negative integer expressions.

Functions

def percent(expression)

Allows specification of percentages.

Expand source code Browse git

def percent(expression: str):
    """
    Allows specification of percentages.
    """
    if expression.endswith('%'):
        return float(expression[:-1].strip()) / 100
    return float(expression)

def sliceobj(expression, data=None, range=False, final=False)

Uses PythonExpression to parse slice expressions where the bounds can be given as arithmetic expressions. For example, this argument format type will process the string 0x11:0x11+4*0x34 as the slice object slice(17, 225, None).

Expand source code Browse git

def sliceobj(expression: Union[int, str, slice], data: Optional[Chunk] = None, range=False, final=False) -> Union[slice, SliceAgain]:
    """
    Uses `refinery.lib.argformats.PythonExpression` to parse slice expressions
    where the bounds can be given as arithmetic expressions. For example, this
    argument format type will process the string `0x11:0x11+4*0x34` as the slice
    object `slice(17, 225, None)`.
    """
    if isinstance(expression, (slice, SliceAgain)):
        return expression
    if isinstance(expression, int):
        return slice(expression, expression + 1, 1)
    if isinstance(expression, (bytes, bytearray)):
        expression = expression.decode('utf8')

    if data is None:
        variables = {}
    else:
        variables = metavars(data)
        if is_valid_variable_name(expression):
            try:
                return sliceobj(variables[expression], data, final=True)
            except Exception:
                pass

    sliced = expression and expression.split(':') or ['', '']

    if not sliced or len(sliced) > 3:
        raise ArgumentTypeError(F'The expression "{expression}" is not a valid slice.')
    try:
        sliced = [None if not t else PythonExpression.Evaluate(t, variables) for t in sliced]
    except ParserVariableMissing:
        if final:
            raise
        elif data is not None:
            parser = DelayedNumSeqArgument(expression)
            return sliceobj(parser(data), data, range, final=True)
        else:
            return SliceAgain(expression)
    if len(sliced) == 1:
        k = sliced[0]
        if not range:
            return slice(k, k + 1) if k + 1 else slice(k, None, None)
        return slice(0, k, 1)
    if range:
        range_defaults = (0, None, 1)
        k = len(range_defaults) - len(sliced)
        if k > 0:
            sliced.extend(range_defaults[-k:])
    for k, item in enumerate(sliced):
        if item is None:
            if range:
                sliced[k] = range_defaults[k]
            continue
        if isinstance(item, int):
            continue
        if isbuffer(item) and len(item) in (1, 2, 4, 8, 16):
            sliced[k] = int.from_bytes(item, 'little')
            continue
        raise TypeError(F'The value {item!r} of type {type(item).__name__} cannot be used as a slice index.')
    return slice(*sliced)

def slicerange(expression, data=None, final=False)

Expand source code Browse git

def slicerange(expression: Union[int, str, slice], data: Optional[Chunk] = None, final=False) -> Union[slice, SliceAgain]:
    return sliceobj(expression, data=data, range=True, final=final)

def utf8(x)

Returns the UTF8 encoding of the given string.

Expand source code Browse git

def utf8(x: str):
    """
    Returns the UTF8 encoding of the given string.
    """
    return x.encode('UTF8')

def LazyPythonExpression(expression)

Wraps the given expression for use as a multibin() expression. If it contains no variables, the expression is evaluated immediately, otherwise the function returns a callable that will evaluate the given expression on an incoming Chunk.

Expand source code Browse git

def LazyPythonExpression(expression: str) -> MaybeDelayedType[Any]:
    """
    Wraps the given expression for use as a `refinery.lib.argformats.multibin` expression. If it
    contains no variables, the expression is evaluated immediately, otherwise the function returns
    a callable that will evaluate the given expression on an incoming `refinery.lib.frame.Chunk`.
    """
    import re
    expression = expression.strip()
    if match := re.fullmatch(R'([1-9][0-9]?)%', expression):
        return Percentage(int(match[1]) / 100)
    if match := re.fullmatch(R'(?i)(?P<digits>[1-9][0-9]*|0)(?P<unit>[KMGTPE]B?)', expression):
        unit = match['unit'].upper()
        for k, symbol in enumerate('KMGTPE', 1):
            if unit.startswith(symbol):
                return int(match['digits']) * k * 1000
    if (parser := PythonExpression.Lazy(expression)).variables:
        def evaluate(data: Chunk):
            try:
                return parser(metavars(data))
            except ParserVariableMissing:
                # It is possible that a byte string can accidentally look like a valid Python
                # expression, e.g.: B0fGtH*9/HKlwT:
                definition = parser.definition
                if isinstance(definition, str):
                    definition = definition.encode('utf8')
                return definition
        return evaluate
    else:
        return parser()

def numseq(expression, reverse=False, seed=None, typecheck=True)

This is the argument parser type that uses DelayedNumSeqArgument.

Expand source code Browse git

def numseq(expression: Union[int, str], reverse=False, seed=None, typecheck=True) -> Union[Iterable[int], DelayedNumSeqArgument]:
    """
    This is the argument parser type that uses `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedNumSeqArgument`.
    """
    if isinstance(expression, int):
        return RepeatedInteger(expression)
    arg = DelayedNumSeqArgument(expression, reverse=reverse, seed=seed, typecheck=typecheck)
    with suppress(TooLazy):
        return arg()
    return arg

def multibin(expression, reverse=False, seed=None)

This is the argument parser type that uses DelayedBinaryArgument.

Expand source code Browse git

def multibin(expression: Union[str, bytes, bytearray], reverse=False, seed=None) -> Union[bytes, DelayedArgument]:
    """
    This is the argument parser type that uses `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedBinaryArgument`.
    """
    if not isinstance(expression, str):
        return bytes(expression)
    arg = DelayedBinaryArgument(expression, reverse, seed)
    with suppress(TooLazy):
        return arg()
    return arg

def regexp(expression)

This is the argument parser type that uses DelayedRegexpArgument.

Expand source code Browse git

def regexp(expression: str) -> Union[int, bytes, DelayedRegexpArgument]:
    """
    This is the argument parser type that uses `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedRegexpArgument`.
    """
    arg = DelayedRegexpArgument(expression)
    with suppress(TooLazy):
        return arg()
    return arg

def OptionFactory(options, ignorecase=False)

The factory produces an argument parser type that accepts the keys of options as possible values and causes the parsed argument to contain the corresponding value from the options dictionary.

Expand source code Browse git

def OptionFactory(options: Mapping[str, Any], ignorecase: bool = False):
    """
    The factory produces an argument parser type that accepts the keys of `options`
    as possible values and causes the parsed argument to contain the corresponding
    value from the `options` dictionary.
    """
    try:
        cache = OptionFactory.Cache
    except AttributeError:
        cache = OptionFactory.Cache = {}

    option_description = ','.join(sorted(options))
    option_identifier = hash(option_description)

    try:
        return cache[option_identifier]
    except KeyError:
        pass

    class TheOption(Option):
        def __init__(self, name: str):
            if ignorecase and name not in options:
                needle = name.upper()
                for key in options:
                    if needle == key.upper():
                        name = key
                        break
            if name not in options:
                raise ValueError('The option %s is not one of these: %s' % (name, list(options)))
            self.mode = options[name]
            self.name = name

    TheOption.__qualname__ = F'OptionFactory.Option[{option_description}]'
    cache[option_identifier] = TheOption
    return TheOption

def extract_options(symbols, prefix, *exceptions)

A helper function to extract all numeric constants from modules that have a certain prefix. StandardCipherUnit uses this to extract the block cipher modes of operation from block cipher modules of the pycryptodome library.

Expand source code Browse git

def extract_options(symbols, prefix: str, *exceptions: str):
    """
    A helper function to extract all numeric constants from modules that have a certain
    prefix. `refinery.units.crypto.cipher.StandardCipherUnit` uses this to extract the
    block cipher modes of operation from block cipher modules of the `pycryptodome` library.
    """
    candidates = {
        k[len(prefix):]: getattr(symbols, k, None)
        for k in dir(symbols) if k.startswith(prefix) and all(
            e not in k for e in exceptions
        )
    }
    return {k: v for k, v in candidates.items() if isinstance(v, int)}

def pending(argument)

This function returns a boolean value which indicates whether the given argument is a LazyEvaluation.

Expand source code Browse git

def pending(argument: Union[Any, Iterable[Any]]) -> bool:
    """
    This function returns a boolean value which indicates whether the given
    argument is a `refinery.lib.argformats.LazyEvaluation`.
    """
    if isinstance(argument, (list, tuple)):
        return any(pending(x) for x in argument)
    return isinstance(argument, LazyEvaluation)

def manifest(argument, data)

Returns the manifestation of a LazyEvaluation on the given data. This function can change the data.

Expand source code Browse git

def manifest(argument: Union[Any, List[Any]], data: bytearray) -> Union[Any, List[Any]]:
    """
    Returns the manifestation of a `refinery.lib.argformats.LazyEvaluation`
    on the given data. This function can change the data.
    """
    if isinstance(argument, (list, tuple)):
        return [manifest(x, data) for x in argument]
    return argument(data) if isinstance(argument, LazyEvaluation) else argument

Classes

class ParserError (*args, **kwargs)

An exception raised by the PythonExpression parser.

Expand source code Browse git

class ParserError(ArgumentTypeError):
    """
    An exception raised by the `refinery.lib.argformats.PythonExpression` parser.
    """
    pass

Ancestors

• argparse.ArgumentTypeError
• builtins.Exception
• builtins.BaseException

Subclasses

• ParserVariableMissing

class ParserVariableMissing (*args, **kwargs)

Raised when the PythonExpression parser fails to evaluate an expression because of a missing variable.

Expand source code Browse git

class ParserVariableMissing(ParserError):
    """
    Raised when the `refinery.lib.argformats.PythonExpression` parser fails to evaluate an
    expression because of a missing variable.
    """
    pass

Ancestors

• ParserError
• argparse.ArgumentTypeError
• builtins.Exception
• builtins.BaseException

class RepeatedInteger (...)

This class serves as a dual-purpose result for numseq() types. It is an integer, but can be infinitely iterated.

Expand source code Browse git

class RepeatedInteger(int):
    """
    This class serves as a dual-purpose result for `refinery.lib.argformats.numseq`
    types. It is an integer, but can be infinitely iterated.
    """
    def __iter__(self): return self
    def __next__(self): return self

Ancestors

• builtins.int

class LazyEvaluation

Empty parent class for any unit that throws TooLazy.

Expand source code Browse git

class LazyEvaluation:
    """
    Empty parent class for any unit that throws `refinery.lib.argformats.TooLazy`.
    """
    pass

Subclasses

• DelayedArgument
• SliceAgain

class PythonExpression (definition, *variables, constants=None, all_variables_allowed=False, mask=None)

Implements a parser for any Python expression with a prescribed set of variable names permitted to occur in the expression. The resulting object is a callable which can be given the string representation of such an expression. In turn, the result of this operation is either the value of the expression if no variables were present, or a callable which expects keyword arguments corresponding to the permitted variable names.

Expand source code Browse git

class PythonExpression:
    """
    Implements a parser for any Python expression with a prescribed set of variable
    names permitted to occur in the expression. The resulting object is a callable
    which can be given the string representation of such an expression. In turn, the
    result of this operation is either the value of the expression if no variables
    were present, or a callable which expects keyword arguments corresponding to the
    permitted variable names.
    """
    def __init__(self, definition: AnyStr, *variables, constants=None, all_variables_allowed=False, mask=None):
        self.definition = definition = definition.strip()
        if not isinstance(definition, str):
            definition = definition.decode('utf8')
        constants = constants or {}
        variables = set(variables) | set(constants)
        try:
            expression = ast.parse(definition, mode='eval')
        except Exception:
            raise ParserError(F'The provided expression could not be parsed: {definition!s}')

        class Postprocessor(ast.NodeTransformer):
            if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
                def visit_Constant(self, node: ast.Constant):
                    if not isinstance(node.value, str):
                        return node
                    return ast.Constant(value=node.value.encode('utf8'))
            else:
                def visit_Str(self, node: ast.Str):
                    return ast.Bytes(s=node.s.encode('utf8'))

            def visit_MatMult(self, node: ast.MatMult) -> Any:
                return ast.BitXor()

            def visit_BinOp(self, node: ast.BinOp) -> Any:
                node = self.generic_visit(node)
                if mask in (NoMask, None):
                    return node
                if not isinstance(node.op, (ast.Add, ast.Mult, ast.Sub, ast.LShift, ast.Pow)):
                    return node
                return ast.BinOp(node, ast.BitAnd(), ast.Constant(mask))

            def visit_UnaryOp(self, node: ast.UnaryOp) -> Any:
                node = self.generic_visit(node)
                if mask in (NoMask, None):
                    return node
                if not isinstance(node.op, (ast.UAdd, ast.USub, ast.Invert)):
                    return node
                return ast.BinOp(node, ast.BitAnd(), ast.Constant(mask))

        expression = ast.fix_missing_locations(Postprocessor().visit(expression))
        nodes = ast.walk(expression)

        try:
            if type(next(nodes)) != ast.Expression:
                raise ParserError(F'Unknown error parsing the expression: {definition!s}')
        except StopIteration:
            raise ParserError('The input string is not a Python expression.')

        names = {node.id for node in nodes if isinstance(node, ast.Name)}
        names.difference_update(dir(builtins))
        names.difference_update(globals())
        if not all_variables_allowed and not names <= variables:
            raise ParserVariableMissing(
                'the following variable names are unknown: {}'.format(', '.join(names - variables)))

        self.variables = names
        self.constants = constants
        self.expression = compile(expression, '<string>', 'eval')

    def __str__(self):
        return self.definition

    def __call__(self, mapping: dict = None, **values):
        if mapping is not None:
            values, tmp = mapping, values
            values.update(tmp)
        variables = dict(values)
        for v in self.variables.difference(variables):
            try:
                variables[v] = values[v]
            except KeyError:
                raise ParserVariableMissing(v)
        variables.update(self.constants)
        return eval(self.expression, None, variables)

    @classmethod
    def Lazy(cls, definition: str):
        return cls(definition, all_variables_allowed=True)

    @classmethod
    def Evaluate(cls, definition: str, values: dict):
        """
        Creates a new `refinery.lib.argformats.PythonExpression` object based on `definition` and
        evaluates it based on the variable mapping `values`. If a variable used in the expression
        is missing, a `refinery.lib.argformats.ParserVariableMissing` exception is raised.
        """
        expression = cls(definition, all_variables_allowed=True)
        for name in expression.variables:
            if name not in values:
                raise ParserVariableMissing(name)
        return expression(values)

Static methods

def Lazy(definition)

Expand source code Browse git

@classmethod
def Lazy(cls, definition: str):
    return cls(definition, all_variables_allowed=True)

def Evaluate(definition, values)

Creates a new PythonExpression object based on definition and evaluates it based on the variable mapping values. If a variable used in the expression is missing, a ParserVariableMissing exception is raised.

Expand source code Browse git

@classmethod
def Evaluate(cls, definition: str, values: dict):
    """
    Creates a new `refinery.lib.argformats.PythonExpression` object based on `definition` and
    evaluates it based on the variable mapping `values`. If a variable used in the expression
    is missing, a `refinery.lib.argformats.ParserVariableMissing` exception is raised.
    """
    expression = cls(definition, all_variables_allowed=True)
    for name in expression.variables:
        if name not in values:
            raise ParserVariableMissing(name)
    return expression(values)

class SliceAgain (expr)

Raised by sliceobj() to indicate that meta variables are required to compute this slice.

Expand source code Browse git

class SliceAgain(LazyEvaluation):
    """
    Raised by `refinery.lib.argformats.sliceobj` to indicate that meta variables
    are required to compute this slice.
    """
    def __init__(self, expr: Union[DelayedBinaryArgument, str]):
        self.expr = expr

    def __call__(self, data):
        expression = self.expr
        if pending(expression):
            expression = expression(data).decode('utf8')
        return sliceobj(expression, data)

Ancestors

• LazyEvaluation

class IncompatibleHandler (type_expected, type_observed, modifier)

This exception is generated when DelayedArgument handlers are chained in an incompatible way.

Expand source code Browse git

class IncompatibleHandler(ArgumentTypeError):
    """
    This exception is generated when `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedArgument` handlers
    are chained in an incompatible way.
    """
    def __init__(self, type_expected, type_observed, modifier):
        self.type_expected = type_expected
        self.type_observed = type_observed
        self.modifier = modifier
        modifier_name = F'handler {modifier}' if modifier else 'default handler'
        super().__init__('{} received {} but expected {}'.format(
            modifier_name,
            type_observed.__name__,
            type_expected.__name__
        ))

Ancestors

• argparse.ArgumentTypeError
• builtins.Exception
• builtins.BaseException

class TooLazy (*args, **kwargs)

Exception which indicates that an argument parser requires input data before it can be evaluated.

Expand source code Browse git

class TooLazy(Exception):
    """
    Exception which indicates that an argument parser requires input data before it can be
    evaluated.
    """
    pass

Ancestors

• builtins.Exception
• builtins.BaseException

class VariableMissing (name)

Exception which indicates that a refinery.lib.meta variable was missing during evaluation of a Python expression.

Expand source code Browse git

class VariableMissing(ArgumentTypeError):
    """
    Exception which indicates that a `refinery.lib.meta` variable was missing during evaluation
    of a Python expression.
    """
    def __init__(self, name):
        super().__init__(F'The variable {name} is not defined.')
        self.name = name

Ancestors

• argparse.ArgumentTypeError
• builtins.Exception
• builtins.BaseException

class DelayedArgumentDispatch (method)

This class is used as a decorator for the default handler of classes that inherit from DelayedArgument. After decorating the routine handler with DelayedArgumentDispatch, handler.register can be used to register additional handlers.

Expand source code Browse git

class DelayedArgumentDispatch:
    """
    This class is used as a decorator for the default handler of classes that inherit from
    `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedArgument`. After decorating the routine `handler` with
    `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedArgumentDispatch`, `handler.register` can be used to
    register additional handlers.
    """
    class Wrapper:
        def can_handle(self, *a): return self.ego.can_handle(*a)
        def terminates(self, *a): return self.ego.terminates(*a)

        def __init__(self, ego, arg):
            self.ego = ego
            self.arg = arg

        def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
            return self.ego(self.arg, *args, **kwargs)

        def __getattr__(self, key):
            return getattr(self.ego, key)

    @classmethod
    def Inherit(cls, parent: DelayedArgument):
        def wrap(method):
            dispatcher = cls(method)
            parent_dispatcher = parent.handler
            dispatcher.handlers.update(parent_dispatcher.handlers)
            dispatcher.final.update(parent_dispatcher.final)
            dispatcher.units = parent_dispatcher.units
            return dispatcher
        return wrap

    def __init__(self, method):
        update_wrapper(self, method)
        self.default = method
        self.handlers = {}
        self.final = {}
        self.units = {}

    def _get_unit(self, name: str, *args) -> Optional[Unit]:
        name, rev, empty = normalize_to_identifier(name).partition(_REVERSE_SIGN)
        if empty:
            return None
        uhash = hash((name,) + args)
        if uhash in self.units:
            return self.units[uhash]
        from refinery import load
        unit = load(name)
        unit = unit and unit.assemble(*args).log_detach()
        if rev == _REVERSE_SIGN:
            unit = -unit
        self.units[uhash] = unit
        return unit

    def __get__(self, instance, t=None):
        return self.Wrapper(self, instance)

    def __call__(self, instance: DelayedArgument, data, modifier=None, *args):
        try:
            handler = self.default if modifier is None else self.handlers[modifier]
        except KeyError:
            unit = self._get_unit(modifier, *args)
            if not unit:
                raise ArgumentTypeError(F'failed to build unit {modifier}')
            result = list(unit.act(data))
            if not result:
                return B''
            return B''.join(result) if len(result) > 1 else result[0]
        else:
            name = next(itertools.islice(inspect.signature(handler).parameters.values(), 1, None)).name
            hint = get_type_hints(handler).get(name, None)
            if hint == Iterable[type(data)]:
                data = (data,)
            if hint == str and isbuffer(data):
                if not isinstance(data, (bytes, bytearray)):
                    data = bytes(data)
                data = data.decode('utf8')
            return handler(instance, data, *args)

    def can_handle(self, modifier, *args):
        return modifier in self.handlers or bool(self._get_unit(modifier, *args))

    def terminates(self, modifier):
        """
        Indicates whether the given registered modifier is final.
        """
        return self.final.get(modifier, False)

    def register(self, *modifiers, final=False):
        """
        Registers a new modifier handler.
        """
        def _register(method):
            for modifier in modifiers:
                self.handlers[modifier] = method
                self.final[modifier] = final
            return method
        return _register

Class variables

var Wrapper

Static methods

def Inherit(parent)

Expand source code Browse git

@classmethod
def Inherit(cls, parent: DelayedArgument):
    def wrap(method):
        dispatcher = cls(method)
        parent_dispatcher = parent.handler
        dispatcher.handlers.update(parent_dispatcher.handlers)
        dispatcher.final.update(parent_dispatcher.final)
        dispatcher.units = parent_dispatcher.units
        return dispatcher
    return wrap

Methods

def can_handle(self, modifier, *args)

Expand source code Browse git

def can_handle(self, modifier, *args):
    return modifier in self.handlers or bool(self._get_unit(modifier, *args))

def terminates(self, modifier)

Indicates whether the given registered modifier is final.

Expand source code Browse git

def terminates(self, modifier):
    """
    Indicates whether the given registered modifier is final.
    """
    return self.final.get(modifier, False)

def register(self, *modifiers, final=False)

Registers a new modifier handler.

Expand source code Browse git

def register(self, *modifiers, final=False):
    """
    Registers a new modifier handler.
    """
    def _register(method):
        for modifier in modifiers:
            self.handlers[modifier] = method
            self.final[modifier] = final
        return method
    return _register

class DelayedArgument (expression, reverse=False, seed=None)

This base class for delayed argument parsers implements parsing expressions into supported modifiers. When reverse is set to True, the multibin expression is expected to have suffixes for handlers rather than prefixes. If the seed value is specified, the expression is expected to only contain a chain of handlers, and the given seed will be used as the initial value to be passed to them.

Expand source code Browse git

class DelayedArgument(LazyEvaluation):
    """
    This base class for delayed argument parsers implements parsing expressions into supported modifiers.
    When `reverse` is set to `True`, the multibin expression is expected to have suffixes for handlers
    rather than prefixes. If the `seed` value is specified, the expression is expected to only contain
    a chain of handlers, and the given seed will be used as the initial value to be passed to them.
    """
    _ARG_BEGIN_TOKEN = '['
    _ARG_CLOSE_TOKEN = ']'
    _ARG_SPLIT_TOKEN = ','
    _CMD_SPLIT_TOKEN = ':'

    def __init__(self, expression: str, reverse: bool = False, seed=None):
        self.expression = expression
        self.modifiers = []
        self.finalized = False
        if seed is not None:
            if reverse:
                if not expression.startswith(':'):
                    expression = F':{expression}'
            else:
                if not expression.endswith(':'):
                    expression = F'{expression}:'
        while not self.finalized:
            name, arguments, newexpr = self._split_modifier(expression, reverse)
            if not name or not self.handler.can_handle(name, *arguments):
                break
            self.modifiers.append((name, arguments))
            expression = newexpr
            if self.handler.terminates(name):
                self.finalized = True
        if seed is not None:
            if expression:
                rt = 'reverse ' if reverse else ''
                raise ValueError(F'{rt}expression {self.expression} with seed {seed} was not fully parsed.')
            self.seed = seed
        else:
            self.seed = expression
        self.modifiers.reverse()

    def _split_expression(self, expression: str, reverse: bool = False) -> Tuple[str, Optional[str]]:
        argument_list_visited = False
        brackets = 0
        inc = self._ARG_BEGIN_TOKEN
        dec = self._ARG_CLOSE_TOKEN
        itx = enumerate(expression)
        if reverse:
            inc, dec = dec, inc
            itx = reversed(list(itx))
        for k, character in itx:
            if character == inc:
                if not brackets:
                    if argument_list_visited:
                        # This is the second time we encounter what appears to be an
                        # argument list, before the modifier has ended. This is not
                        # possible, and we decide to assume that no modifier was used.
                        break
                    argument_list_visited = True
                brackets += 1
                continue
            if character == dec:
                if not brackets:
                    break
                brackets -= 1
                continue
            if not brackets and character == self._CMD_SPLIT_TOKEN:
                head = expression[:k]
                tail = expression[k + 1:]
                return (head, tail) if reverse else (tail, head)
        return expression, None

    def _split_modifier(self, expression: str, reverse: bool = False) -> Tuple[Optional[str], Tuple[str], str]:
        brackets = 0
        name = None
        argoffset = 0
        arguments = ()

        rest, expression = self._split_expression(expression, reverse)
        if expression is None:
            return name, arguments, rest
        name = expression

        for k, character in enumerate(expression):
            if character == self._ARG_BEGIN_TOKEN:
                if not brackets:
                    if argoffset:
                        raise ArgumentTypeError(F'Unexpected error parsing "{expression}": Double argument list.')
                    name = expression[:k]
                    argoffset = k + 1
                brackets += 1
                continue
            if character == self._ARG_CLOSE_TOKEN:
                if brackets == 1:
                    arguments += expression[argoffset:k],
                elif not brackets:
                    if argoffset:
                        raise ArgumentTypeError(F'Unable to parse "{expression}": Too many closing brackets.')
                    else:
                        break
                brackets -= 1
                continue
            if character == self._ARG_SPLIT_TOKEN:
                if brackets == 1:
                    arguments += expression[argoffset:k],
                    argoffset = k + 1
            if character == self._CMD_SPLIT_TOKEN and not brackets:
                raise ArgumentTypeError(F'Unexpected error parsing "{expression}".')
        return name, arguments, rest

    def __call__(self, data: Optional[ByteString] = None) -> bytes:
        arg = self.seed
        mod = iter(self.modifiers)
        if not self.finalized:
            mod = itertools.chain(((None, ()),), mod)
        for name, arguments in mod:
            if isbuffer(arg):
                arg = Chunk(arg)
                with suppress(AttributeError):
                    arg.meta.update(data.meta)
            try:
                arg = self.handler(arg, name, *arguments)
            except VariableMissing as v:
                if data is not None:
                    raise
                raise TooLazy from v
            except AttributeError as AE:
                raise ArgumentTypeError(F'failed to apply modifier {name} to incoming data: {AE}') from AE
            if callable(arg):
                if data is None:
                    raise TooLazy
                arg = arg(data)
        return arg

    def __eq__(self, other):
        if isinstance(other, DelayedArgument):
            return other.expression == self.expression
        try:
            # Try to realize on a completely empty chunk of data. If the result equals the
            # other object, we are likely identical and we were too cautious when delaying.
            value = self(B'')
        except Exception:
            return False
        else:
            return value == other

    def default_handler(self, expression: str) -> bytes:
        try:
            return open(expression, 'rb').read()
        except Exception:
            pass
        try:
            return utf8(expression)
        except Exception:
            return expression

    @DelayedArgumentDispatch
    def handler(self, expression) -> bytes:
        return self.default_handler(expression)

    @handler.register('s', 'S', final=True)
    def s(self, string: str) -> bytes:
        """
        The final modifier `s:string` returns the UTF-8 encoded representation of `string`.
        """
        return string.encode('UTF8')

    @handler.register('u', 'U', final=True)
    def u(self, string: str) -> bytes:
        """
        The final modifier `u:string` returns the UTF16 (little endian without BOM) encoded
        representation of `string`.
        """
        return string.encode('UTF-16LE')

    @handler.register('a', 'A', final=True)
    def a(self, string: str) -> bytes:
        """
        The final modifier `a:string` returns the latin-1 encoded representation of `string`.
        """
        return string.encode('LATIN-1')

    @handler.register('h!', 'H!')
    def hexencode(self, string: bytes) -> bytes:
        """
        The modifier `h!` (or `H!`) encodes the input as hexadecimal.
        """
        import base64
        return base64.b16encode(string)

    @handler.register('h', 'H', final=True)
    def h(self, string: str) -> bytes:
        """
        The final modifier `h:string` (or `H:string`) returns the hex decoding of `string`.
        """
        import base64
        return base64.b16decode(string, casefold=True)

    @handler.register('n')
    def n(self, string: bytes) -> bytes:
        """
        The final modifier `n:string` returns the un-escaped version of a string containing
        backslash escape sequences.
        """
        from refinery.units.encoding.esc import esc
        return esc().process(string)

    @handler.register('q', 'Q', final=True)
    def q(self, string: str) -> bytes:
        """
        The final modifier `q:string` (or `Q:string`) returns the url-quote decoding of `string`.
        """
        import urllib.parse
        return urllib.parse.unquote_to_bytes(string)

    @handler.register('read', final=True)
    def read(self, path: str, region: str = None) -> bytes:
        """
        Returns the contents of the file located at the given path. This path may contain
        wildcard characters, but this pattern has to match a single file. It is also possible
        to use the handler as `read[offset]` or as `read[offset:count]` to read `count` many
        bytes from the file at the given offset.
        """
        return self._file(path, region)

    @handler.register('readfrom')
    def readfrom(self, path: bytes, region: str = None) -> bytes:
        """
        A non-final variant of the `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedArgument.read` handler. This
        handler should only be used to read from path names that were the result of a previous
        handler. Using `readfrom:sample.bin` will cause an error: Since `readfrom` is not final,
        the default handler will be applied to `sample.bin`, feeding the binary contents of the
        file into `readfrom`, but the handler is expecting a path name.
        """
        try:
            path = path.decode('utf8')
        except UnicodeDecodeError:
            raise ArgumentTypeError(
                'The input for the readfrom handler was not a path. Consider using the read '
                'handler instead, which is final.')
        else:
            return self._file(path, region)

    def _file(self, pattern: str, region: str) -> Optional[bytes]:
        def read(data: Optional[Chunk] = None):
            if not region:
                bounds = slice(0, None)
            else:
                bounds = sliceobj(region, data, range=True)
            if bounds.step and bounds.step != 1:
                raise ValueError('Step size is not supported for file slices.')
            with open(path, 'rb') as stream:
                stream.seek(bounds.start or 0)
                return stream.read(bounds.stop)
        try:
            path: Path = one(Path.cwd().glob(pattern))
        except (NotImplementedError, LookupError):
            path: Path = Path(pattern)
        try:
            return read()
        except FileNotFoundError:
            raise ArgumentTypeError(F'File not found: {pattern}')
        except Exception:
            return read

    @handler.register('range', final=True)
    def range(self, region: str) -> bytes:
        """
        Implements the final modifier `range:bounds` to generate a sequence of bytes, where
        `bounds` is parsed as a `refinery.lib.argformats.sliceobj` with one exception: If
        `bounds` is just a single integer, it is interpreted as the upper bound for a sequence
        of bytes starting at zero.
        """
        def compute_range(data: Optional[Chunk] = None):
            try:
                bounds = sliceobj(region, data, range=True)
            except ParserVariableMissing:
                raise TooLazy
            if pending(bounds):
                raise TooLazy
            start = bounds.start or 0
            stop = bounds.stop
            step = bounds.step or 1
            if stop is None:
                return itertools.islice(itertools.count(), start, None, step)
            result = range(start, stop, step)
            if 0 <= start and stop <= 0x100:
                result = bytearray(result)
            return result
        try:
            return compute_range()
        except TooLazy:
            return compute_range

    @handler.register('env', final=True)
    def env(self, name: str) -> bytes:
        """
        The final modifier `env:name` returns the UTF8-encoded value of the environment variable
        with the given name.
        """
        import os
        return os.environ[name]

    @handler.register('pos')
    def pos(self, regex: ByteString, occurrence: int = 0) -> int:
        """
        The handler pos[k=0]:[regex] returns the position of the k-th occurrence of the regular
        expression [regex]. The value `k` can be set to `-1` to return the position of the last
        match. If `k` is a negative value, then the handler returns the offset at the end of the
        match rather than the one at the beginning. If no match is found, the handler returns
        the value `-1`.
        """
        if isinstance(occurrence, str):
            occurrence = int(occurrence, 0)

        def _pos(data: bytearray) -> int:
            import re
            it: Iterable[re.Match] = re.finditer(bytes(regex), data, flags=re.DOTALL)

            if occurrence < 0:
                from collections import deque
                matches: Deque[re.Match] = deque()
                while len(matches) < -occurrence:
                    try:
                        matches.append(next(it))
                    except StopIteration:
                        return -1
                for match in it:
                    matches.append(match)
                    matches.popleft()
                return matches[0].end()
            else:
                for k, match in enumerate(it):
                    if k == occurrence:
                        return match.start()
                else:
                    return -1

        return _pos

    @handler.register('rx')
    def rx(self, str: bytes) -> bytes:
        """
        The handler `rx:str` returns a regular expression which matches the exact string
        sequence given by `str`, with special regular expression control characters escaped.
        """
        import re
        return re.escape(str)

    @handler.register('c', 'copy', final=True)
    def copy(self, region: str) -> bytes:
        """
        Implements the final modifier `c:region` or `copy:region`, where `region` is parsed
        as a `refinery.lib.argformats.sliceobj`. The result contains the corresponding slice
        of the input data.
        """
        return lambda d: d[sliceobj(region, d)]

    @handler.register('x', 'cut', final=True)
    def cut(self, region: str) -> bytes:
        """
        `x:region` and `cut:region` work like `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedBinaryArgument.copy`,
        but the corresponding bytes are also removed from the input data.
        """
        def extract(data: Union[bytearray, Chunk]):
            bounds = sliceobj(region, data)
            result = bytearray(data[bounds])
            data[bounds] = []
            return result
        return extract

    @handler.register('pp')
    def pp(self, input: bytes, region: Union[slice, str] = slice(1, None, 1), separator: bytes = B'/') -> bytes:
        """
        The handler `pp[region=1:,sep=/]:input` splits the input at the given string `sep`
        and reverses the sequence. Parts are then selected according to the `region` parameter,
        which can be any expression in Python slice syntax. Afterwards, the resulting sequence
        is reversed again and joined at the `sep` parameter. For example, the expression

            pp[:2]:/path/to/some/item/and/more

        will return the string `/path/to/some/item`.
        """
        def _pp(data: Optional[Chunk] = None):
            b: slice = sliceobj(region, data=data, final=True)
            pp = input.split(separator)
            pp.reverse()
            pp = pp[b]
            pp.reverse()
            return separator.join(pp)
        try:
            return _pp()
        except TooLazy:
            return _pp

    @handler.register('pb')
    def pb(self, input: bytes, separator: bytes = B'/') -> bytes:
        """
        The handler `pb:input` is equivalent to `pp[0:1]:input` and corresponds to "basename".
        """
        return self.pp(input, slice(0, 1, 1), separator=separator)

    @handler.register('pn')
    def pn(self, path: Union[str, bytes]) -> bytes:
        """
        The handler `pn:/path/to/file.ext` returns `/path/to/file`, i.e. the path without its
        extension. The handler name is short for "path name". If the last part does not have
        any extension, the input path is returned unchanged.
        """
        if not isinstance(path, str):
            path = path.decode('utf8')
        return Path(path).with_suffix('').as_posix().encode()

    @handler.register('px')
    def px(self, path: Union[str, bytes]) -> bytes:
        """
        The handler `px:/path/to/file.ext` returns `ext`, i.e. the extension
        extension. The handler name is short for "path name".
        """
        if not isinstance(path, str):
            path = path.decode('utf8')
        return Path(path).suffix[1:].encode()

    def _interpret_variable(self, name: str, obj: Any):
        if isbuffer(obj) or isinstance(obj, int) or obj is None:
            return obj
        if isinstance(obj, str):
            return utf8(obj)
        if isinstance(obj, (tuple, set, frozenset)):
            obj = list(obj)
        if isinstance(obj, list):
            return obj
        raise ArgumentTypeError(F'The meta variable {name} is of type {type(obj).__name__} and no conversion is known.')

    @handler.register('v', 'var', final=True)
    def var(self, name: str) -> bytes:
        """
        The final handler `var:name` contains the value of the meta variable `name`.
        The variable remains attached to the chunk.
        """
        def extract(data: Chunk):
            meta = metavars(data)
            try:
                result = meta[name]
            except KeyError:
                raise VariableMissing(name)
            return self._interpret_variable(name, result)
        return extract

    @handler.register('eat', final=True)
    def eat(self, name: str) -> bytes:
        """
        The final handler `eat:name` contains the value of the meta variable `name`.
        The variable is removed from the chunk and no longer available to subsequent
        units.
        """
        def extract(data: Chunk):
            try:
                result = data.meta.pop(name)
            except KeyError as K:
                raise VariableMissing(name) from K
            return self._interpret_variable(name, result)
        return extract

    @handler.register('e', 'E', 'eval')
    def eval(self, expression) -> Any:
        """
        Final modifier `e:expression` or `eval:expression`; uses a `refinery.lib.argformats.PythonExpression`
        parser to process expressions. The expression can contain any meta variable that is attached to the
        chunk. The `refinery.cm` unit can be used to attach information such as chunk size and the chunk
        index within the current frame (see `refinery.lib.frame`).
        """
        if isbuffer(expression):
            expression = expression.decode('utf8')
        if not isinstance(expression, str):
            return expression
        return LazyPythonExpression(expression)

    @handler.register('btoi')
    def btoi(self, binary: ByteString, size=None, step=None) -> Iterable[int]:
        """
        The modifier `btoi[size=0,step=0]:data` uses `refinery.lib.chunks.unpack` to convert a
        sequence of bytes into a sequence of integers.

        The optional parameter `size` has to be an integer expression whose absolute value gives
        the size of each encoded number in bytes. Its default value is `0`, which corresponds to
        choosing the size automatically in the following manner: If the length of the buffer is
        uneven, the value 1 is chosen. If the length modulo 4 is nonzero, the value 2 is chosen. If
        the length is divisible by 4, then 4 is chosen. To unpack as big endian as opposed to the
        default little endian, a negative value for `size` has to be specified. The absolute value
        of `size` will be used.

        By default, integers are parsed from the input buffer at offsets that are integer multiples
        of the block size. The optional parameter `step` can be used to override this behavior. For
        example, `btoi[2,1]` can be used to read 16-bit values at each byte offset.
        """
        from refinery.lib import chunks
        size = int(size, 0) if size else 0
        step = int(step, 0) if step else 0
        bigE = size < 0
        size = abs(size)
        if not size:
            n = len(binary)
            if n % 2:
                size = 1
            elif n % 4:
                size = 2
            else:
                size = 4
        return list(chunks.unpack(binary, size, bigE, step))

    @handler.register('itob')
    def itob(self, integers: Iterable[int], size=None) -> ByteString:
        """
        The modifier `itob[size=0]:integers` is the inverse of `btoi` and works in the same way,
        except that the case `size=0` is handled in the following way: The handler inspects all
        integers in the input and determines the minimum block size required to pack all of them.
        """
        from refinery.lib import chunks
        size = int(size, 0) if size else 0
        bigE = size < 0
        size = abs(size)
        if not size:
            def byte_length(n: int):
                width, overflow = divmod(n.bit_length(), 8)
                if overflow: width += 1
                return width
            if not isinstance(integers, list):
                integers = list(integers)
            size = max((byte_length(n) for n in integers), default=1)
            size = max(size, 1)
        else:
            mask = (1 << (size * 8)) - 1
            integers = (integer & mask for integer in integers)
        return chunks.pack(integers, size, bigE)

    @handler.register('inc')
    def inc(self, it: Iterable[int], precision=None) -> Iterable[int]:
        """
        The modifier `inc:it` or `inc[N=64]:it` expects a sequence `it` of integers (a binary
        string is interpreted as the sequence of its byte values), iterates it cyclically and
        perpetually adds an increasing counter to the result. If the number `N` is nonzero, then
        the counter is limited to `N` bits.
        """
        precision = precision and int(precision, 0) or _DEFAULT_BITS
        it = infinitize(it)
        if precision:
            def delay(_):
                mask = (1 << precision) - 1
                for a, b in zip(it, itertools.cycle(range(mask + 1))):
                    yield a + b & mask
        else:
            def delay(_):
                for a, b in zip(it, itertools.count()):
                    yield a + b
        return delay

    @handler.register('dec')
    def dec(self, it: Iterable[int], precision=None) -> Iterable[int]:
        """
        Identical to `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedNumSeqArgument.inc`, but decreasing the counter
        rather than increasing it.
        """
        precision = precision and int(precision, 0) or _DEFAULT_BITS
        it = infinitize(it)
        if precision:
            def delay(_):
                mask = (1 << precision) - 1
                for a, b in zip(it, itertools.cycle(range(mask + 1))):
                    yield a - b & mask
        else:
            def delay(_):
                for a, b in zip(it, itertools.count()):
                    yield a - b
        return delay

    @handler.register('take')
    def take(self, it: Iterable[int], bounds: Optional[str] = None):
        """
        The handler `take[start:stop:step]` expects an integer sequence as input and applies a slice
        to it. Slices are given in Python syntax, so `take[::2]` will extract every second item from
        the incoming data. The default sequence is `1:`, i.e. skipping the first element.
        """
        def sliced(bounds):
            try:
                return it[bounds]
            except TypeError:
                subsequence = itertools.islice(it, bounds.start, bounds.stop, bounds.step)
                if bounds.stop is not None:
                    subsequence = list(subsequence)
                    if all(t in range(0x100) for t in subsequence):
                        subsequence = bytearray(subsequence)
                return subsequence
        bounds = bounds and sliceobj(bounds) or slice(1, None)
        if isinstance(bounds, slice):
            return sliced(bounds)
        return lambda d: sliced(bounds(d))

    @handler.register('cycle')
    def cycle(self, it: Iterable[int]) -> Iterable[int]:
        """
        The `cycle` handler turns a finite integer sequence into an infinitely repeating integer sequence.
        """
        if isinstance(it, itertools.cycle):
            return it
        return itertools.cycle(it)

    @handler.register('rng', final=True)
    def rng(
        self,
        size: str,
    ) -> bytes:
        """
        The `rng:count` handler generates `count` secure random bytes using the Python standard
        library module function `secrets.token_bytes`.
        """
        import secrets
        size = PythonExpression.Lazy(size)
        try:
            _size = size()
        except ParserVariableMissing:
            def finalize(data):
                meta = dict(metavars(data))
                return secrets.token_bytes(size(meta))
            return finalize
        else:
            return secrets.token_bytes(_size)

    @handler.register('prng', final=True)
    def prng(
        self,
        size: str,
        seed: Optional[str] = None
    ) -> bytes:
        """
        The `prng[seed]:count` handler generates `count` random bytes using Python's built-in random
        number generator. The `seed` argument can be omitted, in which case the PRNG will be seeded
        with the current timestamp in nanoseconds.
        """
        import random
        import time

        try:
            randbytes = random.randbytes
        except AttributeError:
            def randbytes(n):
                return bytearray(random.randint(0, 0xFF) for _ in range(n))

        seed = time.time_ns if seed is None else PythonExpression.Lazy(seed)
        size = PythonExpression.Lazy(size)
        try:
            _size = size()
            _seed = seed()
        except ParserVariableMissing:
            def finalize(data):
                meta = dict(metavars(data))
                random.seed(seed(meta))
                return randbytes(size(meta))
            return finalize
        else:
            random.seed(_seed)
            return randbytes(_size)

    @handler.register('accu', final=True)
    def accu(
        self,
        spec: str,
        seed: Optional[str] = None,
        skip: Optional[str] = None,
        precision: Optional[str] = None
    ) -> Iterable[int]:
        """
        The final handler

            accu[seed=0,skip=1,precision=64]:update[#feed]

        expects `seed`, `skip`, `update`, and `feed` to be Python expressions. It generates an infinite integer
        sequence maintaining an internal state `A`: The initial value for `A` is `seed`. Each subsequent state is
        the result of evaluating the `update` expression, which can use the variable `A` to access the current
        state. The next integer value to be generated is the result of evaluating the expression `feed`, which
        may again use the variable `A` to access the internal state. If the `feed` expression is omitted, the
        complete state `A` is emitted in each step. The value of `skip` specifies the number of elements from the
        beginning of the sequence that should be skipped. The value of `precision` specifies the number of bits
        that are used by the internal state variable `A`. You can specify `precision` to be zero if you want the
        result to be an unbounded big integer.

        Instead of a Python expression, the  variable `update` can also be one of the following values, which
        are pre-defined update routines based on popular generators:

        - `@libc`: `A * 0x041C64E6D + 0x003039`
        - `@ansi`: `A * 0x041C64E6D + 0x003039 # (A >> 0x10)`
        - `@msvc`: `A * 0x0000343FD + 0x269EC3 # (A >> 0x10)`
        - `@msvb`: `A * 0x043FD43FD + 0xC39EC3`
        - `@java`: `A * 0x5DEECE66D + 0x00000B`
        - `@mmix`: `A * 6364136223846793005 + 1442695040888963407`
        """
        if spec.startswith('@'):
            try:
                spec = {
                    '@libc': 'A * 0x041C64E6D + 0x003039',
                    '@ansi': 'A * 0x041C64E6D + 0x003039 # (A >> 0x10)',
                    '@msvc': 'A * 0x0000343FD + 0x269EC3 # (A >> 0x10)',
                    '@msvb': 'A * 0x043FD43FD + 0xC39EC3',
                    '@java': 'A * 0x5DEECE66D + 0x00000B',
                    '@mmix': 'A * 6364136223846793005 + 1442695040888963407'
                }[spec]
            except KeyError:
                raise ArgumentTypeError(F'The generator type {spec} is unknown.')
        update, _, feed = spec.partition('#')
        update = PythonExpression.Lazy(update)
        seed = seed or '0'
        seed = PythonExpression.Lazy(seed)
        feed = feed and PythonExpression.Lazy(feed)
        skip = 1 if skip is None else int(skip, 0)
        precision = precision and int(precision, 0) or _DEFAULT_BITS
        mask = precision and (1 << precision) - 1

        def finalize(data: Optional[Chunk] = None):
            @lru_cache(maxsize=512, typed=False)
            def accumulate(A):
                return update(meta, A=A)
            meta = dict(metavars(data))
            A = seed and seed(meta) or 0
            F = feed(meta, A=A) if feed else A
            S = skip
            while True:
                if not S:
                    yield F
                else:
                    S = S - 1
                A = accumulate(A)
                if mask:
                    A &= mask
                F = feed(meta, A=A) if feed else A
        try:
            update(A=seed())
        except ParserVariableMissing:
            return finalize
        else:
            return finalize()

    @handler.register('be')
    def be(self, arg: Union[int, ByteString], size: Optional[str] = None) -> int:
        """
        The handler `be[size=0]:data` converts a binary input into the integer that it encodes in
        big endian format, and vice versa. The optional parameter `size` can be used to specify
        the number of bytes used for encoding integers. For byte string inputs, this parameter is
        used to truncate the input before conversion.
        """
        if size is not None:
            size = int(size, 0)
        if isinstance(arg, int):
            if size is None:
                size, r = divmod(arg.bit_length(), 8)
                size += int(bool(r))
            return arg.to_bytes(max(size, 1), 'big')
        else:
            return int.from_bytes(arg[:size], 'big')

    @handler.register('le')
    def le(self, arg: Union[int, ByteString], size: Optional[str] = None) -> int:
        """
        The handler `be[size=0]:data` converts a binary input into the integer that it encodes in
        little endian format, and vice versa. The optional parameter `size` can be used to specify
        the number of bytes used for encoding integers. For byte string inputs, this parameter is
        used to truncate the input before conversion.
        """
        if size is not None:
            size = int(size, 0)
        if isinstance(arg, int):
            if size is None:
                size, r = divmod(arg.bit_length(), 8)
                size += int(bool(r))
            return arg.to_bytes(max(size, 1), 'little')
        else:
            return int.from_bytes(arg[:size], 'little')

    @handler.register('reduce')
    def reduce(self, it: Iterable[int], reduction: str, seed: Optional[str] = None) -> int:
        """
        The handler `reduce[reduction, seed=0]` has two parameters. The string `reduction` is a
        Python expression that involves the two special variables `S` (the state) and `B`
        (the current block value). This expression is evaluated for every `B` in the incoming
        integer sequence and assigned back to `S`. The starting value of `S` is given by `seed`,
        which has a default value of `0` and must also be given as a Python expression.
        """
        seed = seed and PythonExpression.Lazy(seed)
        reduction = PythonExpression.Lazy(reduction)

        def finalize(data: Optional[Chunk] = None):
            def _reduction(S, B):
                v = reduction(args, S=S, B=B)
                return v
            args = dict(metavars(data))
            return reduce(_reduction, it, seed and seed(args) or 0)

        try:
            return finalize()
        except ParserVariableMissing:
            return finalize

Ancestors

• LazyEvaluation

Subclasses

• DelayedBinaryArgument
• DelayedNumSeqArgument
• DelayedNumberArgument
• DelayedRegexpArgument

Methods

def default_handler(self, expression)

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def default_handler(self, expression: str) -> bytes:
    try:
        return open(expression, 'rb').read()
    except Exception:
        pass
    try:
        return utf8(expression)
    except Exception:
        return expression

def handler(self, expression)

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@DelayedArgumentDispatch
def handler(self, expression) -> bytes:
    return self.default_handler(expression)

def s(self, string)

The final modifier s:string returns the UTF-8 encoded representation of string.

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@handler.register('s', 'S', final=True)
def s(self, string: str) -> bytes:
    """
    The final modifier `s:string` returns the UTF-8 encoded representation of `string`.
    """
    return string.encode('UTF8')

def u(self, string)

The final modifier u:string returns the UTF16 (little endian without BOM) encoded representation of string.

Expand source code Browse git

@handler.register('u', 'U', final=True)
def u(self, string: str) -> bytes:
    """
    The final modifier `u:string` returns the UTF16 (little endian without BOM) encoded
    representation of `string`.
    """
    return string.encode('UTF-16LE')

def a(self, string)

The final modifier a:string returns the latin-1 encoded representation of string.

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@handler.register('a', 'A', final=True)
def a(self, string: str) -> bytes:
    """
    The final modifier `a:string` returns the latin-1 encoded representation of `string`.
    """
    return string.encode('LATIN-1')

def hexencode(self, string)

The modifier h! (or H!) encodes the input as hexadecimal.

Expand source code Browse git

@handler.register('h!', 'H!')
def hexencode(self, string: bytes) -> bytes:
    """
    The modifier `h!` (or `H!`) encodes the input as hexadecimal.
    """
    import base64
    return base64.b16encode(string)

def h(self, string)

The final modifier h:string (or H:string) returns the hex decoding of string.

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@handler.register('h', 'H', final=True)
def h(self, string: str) -> bytes:
    """
    The final modifier `h:string` (or `H:string`) returns the hex decoding of `string`.
    """
    import base64
    return base64.b16decode(string, casefold=True)

def n(self, string)

The final modifier n:string returns the un-escaped version of a string containing backslash escape sequences.

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@handler.register('n')
def n(self, string: bytes) -> bytes:
    """
    The final modifier `n:string` returns the un-escaped version of a string containing
    backslash escape sequences.
    """
    from refinery.units.encoding.esc import esc
    return esc().process(string)

def q(self, string)

The final modifier q:string (or Q:string) returns the url-quote decoding of string.

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@handler.register('q', 'Q', final=True)
def q(self, string: str) -> bytes:
    """
    The final modifier `q:string` (or `Q:string`) returns the url-quote decoding of `string`.
    """
    import urllib.parse
    return urllib.parse.unquote_to_bytes(string)

def read(self, path, region=None)

Returns the contents of the file located at the given path. This path may contain wildcard characters, but this pattern has to match a single file. It is also possible to use the handler as read[offset] or as read[offset:count] to read count many bytes from the file at the given offset.

Expand source code Browse git

@handler.register('read', final=True)
def read(self, path: str, region: str = None) -> bytes:
    """
    Returns the contents of the file located at the given path. This path may contain
    wildcard characters, but this pattern has to match a single file. It is also possible
    to use the handler as `read[offset]` or as `read[offset:count]` to read `count` many
    bytes from the file at the given offset.
    """
    return self._file(path, region)

def readfrom(self, path, region=None)

A non-final variant of the DelayedArgument.read() handler. This handler should only be used to read from path names that were the result of a previous handler. Using readfrom:sample.bin will cause an error: Since readfrom is not final, the default handler will be applied to sample.bin, feeding the binary contents of the file into readfrom, but the handler is expecting a path name.

Expand source code Browse git

@handler.register('readfrom')
def readfrom(self, path: bytes, region: str = None) -> bytes:
    """
    A non-final variant of the `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedArgument.read` handler. This
    handler should only be used to read from path names that were the result of a previous
    handler. Using `readfrom:sample.bin` will cause an error: Since `readfrom` is not final,
    the default handler will be applied to `sample.bin`, feeding the binary contents of the
    file into `readfrom`, but the handler is expecting a path name.
    """
    try:
        path = path.decode('utf8')
    except UnicodeDecodeError:
        raise ArgumentTypeError(
            'The input for the readfrom handler was not a path. Consider using the read '
            'handler instead, which is final.')
    else:
        return self._file(path, region)

def range(self, region)

Implements the final modifier range:bounds to generate a sequence of bytes, where bounds is parsed as a sliceobj() with one exception: If bounds is just a single integer, it is interpreted as the upper bound for a sequence of bytes starting at zero.

Expand source code Browse git

@handler.register('range', final=True)
def range(self, region: str) -> bytes:
    """
    Implements the final modifier `range:bounds` to generate a sequence of bytes, where
    `bounds` is parsed as a `refinery.lib.argformats.sliceobj` with one exception: If
    `bounds` is just a single integer, it is interpreted as the upper bound for a sequence
    of bytes starting at zero.
    """
    def compute_range(data: Optional[Chunk] = None):
        try:
            bounds = sliceobj(region, data, range=True)
        except ParserVariableMissing:
            raise TooLazy
        if pending(bounds):
            raise TooLazy
        start = bounds.start or 0
        stop = bounds.stop
        step = bounds.step or 1
        if stop is None:
            return itertools.islice(itertools.count(), start, None, step)
        result = range(start, stop, step)
        if 0 <= start and stop <= 0x100:
            result = bytearray(result)
        return result
    try:
        return compute_range()
    except TooLazy:
        return compute_range

def env(self, name)

The final modifier env:name returns the UTF8-encoded value of the environment variable with the given name.

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@handler.register('env', final=True)
def env(self, name: str) -> bytes:
    """
    The final modifier `env:name` returns the UTF8-encoded value of the environment variable
    with the given name.
    """
    import os
    return os.environ[name]

def pos(self, regex, occurrence=0)

The handler pos[k=0]:[regex] returns the position of the k-th occurrence of the regular expression [regex]. The value k can be set to -1 to return the position of the last match. If k is a negative value, then the handler returns the offset at the end of the match rather than the one at the beginning. If no match is found, the handler returns the value -1.

Expand source code Browse git

@handler.register('pos')
def pos(self, regex: ByteString, occurrence: int = 0) -> int:
    """
    The handler pos[k=0]:[regex] returns the position of the k-th occurrence of the regular
    expression [regex]. The value `k` can be set to `-1` to return the position of the last
    match. If `k` is a negative value, then the handler returns the offset at the end of the
    match rather than the one at the beginning. If no match is found, the handler returns
    the value `-1`.
    """
    if isinstance(occurrence, str):
        occurrence = int(occurrence, 0)

    def _pos(data: bytearray) -> int:
        import re
        it: Iterable[re.Match] = re.finditer(bytes(regex), data, flags=re.DOTALL)

        if occurrence < 0:
            from collections import deque
            matches: Deque[re.Match] = deque()
            while len(matches) < -occurrence:
                try:
                    matches.append(next(it))
                except StopIteration:
                    return -1
            for match in it:
                matches.append(match)
                matches.popleft()
            return matches[0].end()
        else:
            for k, match in enumerate(it):
                if k == occurrence:
                    return match.start()
            else:
                return -1

    return _pos

def rx(self, str)

The handler rx:str returns a regular expression which matches the exact string sequence given by str, with special regular expression control characters escaped.

Expand source code Browse git

@handler.register('rx')
def rx(self, str: bytes) -> bytes:
    """
    The handler `rx:str` returns a regular expression which matches the exact string
    sequence given by `str`, with special regular expression control characters escaped.
    """
    import re
    return re.escape(str)

def copy(self, region)

Implements the final modifier c:region or copy:region, where region is parsed as a sliceobj(). The result contains the corresponding slice of the input data.

Expand source code Browse git

@handler.register('c', 'copy', final=True)
def copy(self, region: str) -> bytes:
    """
    Implements the final modifier `c:region` or `copy:region`, where `region` is parsed
    as a `refinery.lib.argformats.sliceobj`. The result contains the corresponding slice
    of the input data.
    """
    return lambda d: d[sliceobj(region, d)]

def cut(self, region)

x:region and cut:region work like DelayedArgument.copy(), but the corresponding bytes are also removed from the input data.

Expand source code Browse git

@handler.register('x', 'cut', final=True)
def cut(self, region: str) -> bytes:
    """
    `x:region` and `cut:region` work like `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedBinaryArgument.copy`,
    but the corresponding bytes are also removed from the input data.
    """
    def extract(data: Union[bytearray, Chunk]):
        bounds = sliceobj(region, data)
        result = bytearray(data[bounds])
        data[bounds] = []
        return result
    return extract

def pp(self, input, region=slice(1, None, 1), separator=b'/')

The handler pp[region=1:,sep=/]:input splits the input at the given string sep and reverses the sequence. Parts are then selected according to the region parameter, which can be any expression in Python slice syntax. Afterwards, the resulting sequence is reversed again and joined at the sep parameter. For example, the expression

pp[:2]:/path/to/some/item/and/more

will return the string /path/to/some/item.

Expand source code Browse git

@handler.register('pp')
def pp(self, input: bytes, region: Union[slice, str] = slice(1, None, 1), separator: bytes = B'/') -> bytes:
    """
    The handler `pp[region=1:,sep=/]:input` splits the input at the given string `sep`
    and reverses the sequence. Parts are then selected according to the `region` parameter,
    which can be any expression in Python slice syntax. Afterwards, the resulting sequence
    is reversed again and joined at the `sep` parameter. For example, the expression

        pp[:2]:/path/to/some/item/and/more

    will return the string `/path/to/some/item`.
    """
    def _pp(data: Optional[Chunk] = None):
        b: slice = sliceobj(region, data=data, final=True)
        pp = input.split(separator)
        pp.reverse()
        pp = pp[b]
        pp.reverse()
        return separator.join(pp)
    try:
        return _pp()
    except TooLazy:
        return _pp

def pb(self, input, separator=b'/')

The handler pb:input is equivalent to pp[0:1]:input and corresponds to "basename".

Expand source code Browse git

@handler.register('pb')
def pb(self, input: bytes, separator: bytes = B'/') -> bytes:
    """
    The handler `pb:input` is equivalent to `pp[0:1]:input` and corresponds to "basename".
    """
    return self.pp(input, slice(0, 1, 1), separator=separator)

def pn(self, path)

The handler pn:/path/to/file.ext returns /path/to/file, i.e. the path without its extension. The handler name is short for "path name". If the last part does not have any extension, the input path is returned unchanged.

Expand source code Browse git

@handler.register('pn')
def pn(self, path: Union[str, bytes]) -> bytes:
    """
    The handler `pn:/path/to/file.ext` returns `/path/to/file`, i.e. the path without its
    extension. The handler name is short for "path name". If the last part does not have
    any extension, the input path is returned unchanged.
    """
    if not isinstance(path, str):
        path = path.decode('utf8')
    return Path(path).with_suffix('').as_posix().encode()

def px(self, path)

The handler px:/path/to/file.ext returns ext, i.e. the extension extension. The handler name is short for "path name".

Expand source code Browse git

@handler.register('px')
def px(self, path: Union[str, bytes]) -> bytes:
    """
    The handler `px:/path/to/file.ext` returns `ext`, i.e. the extension
    extension. The handler name is short for "path name".
    """
    if not isinstance(path, str):
        path = path.decode('utf8')
    return Path(path).suffix[1:].encode()

def var(self, name)

The final handler var:name contains the value of the meta variable name. The variable remains attached to the chunk.

Expand source code Browse git

@handler.register('v', 'var', final=True)
def var(self, name: str) -> bytes:
    """
    The final handler `var:name` contains the value of the meta variable `name`.
    The variable remains attached to the chunk.
    """
    def extract(data: Chunk):
        meta = metavars(data)
        try:
            result = meta[name]
        except KeyError:
            raise VariableMissing(name)
        return self._interpret_variable(name, result)
    return extract

def eat(self, name)

The final handler eat:name contains the value of the meta variable name. The variable is removed from the chunk and no longer available to subsequent units.

Expand source code Browse git

@handler.register('eat', final=True)
def eat(self, name: str) -> bytes:
    """
    The final handler `eat:name` contains the value of the meta variable `name`.
    The variable is removed from the chunk and no longer available to subsequent
    units.
    """
    def extract(data: Chunk):
        try:
            result = data.meta.pop(name)
        except KeyError as K:
            raise VariableMissing(name) from K
        return self._interpret_variable(name, result)
    return extract

def eval(self, expression)

Final modifier e:expression or eval:expression; uses a PythonExpression parser to process expressions. The expression can contain any meta variable that is attached to the chunk. The cm unit can be used to attach information such as chunk size and the chunk index within the current frame (see refinery.lib.frame).

Expand source code Browse git

@handler.register('e', 'E', 'eval')
def eval(self, expression) -> Any:
    """
    Final modifier `e:expression` or `eval:expression`; uses a `refinery.lib.argformats.PythonExpression`
    parser to process expressions. The expression can contain any meta variable that is attached to the
    chunk. The `refinery.cm` unit can be used to attach information such as chunk size and the chunk
    index within the current frame (see `refinery.lib.frame`).
    """
    if isbuffer(expression):
        expression = expression.decode('utf8')
    if not isinstance(expression, str):
        return expression
    return LazyPythonExpression(expression)

def btoi(self, binary, size=None, step=None)

The modifier btoi[size=0,step=0]:data uses unpack() to convert a sequence of bytes into a sequence of integers.

The optional parameter size has to be an integer expression whose absolute value gives the size of each encoded number in bytes. Its default value is 0, which corresponds to choosing the size automatically in the following manner: If the length of the buffer is uneven, the value 1 is chosen. If the length modulo 4 is nonzero, the value 2 is chosen. If the length is divisible by 4, then 4 is chosen. To unpack as big endian as opposed to the default little endian, a negative value for size has to be specified. The absolute value of size will be used.

By default, integers are parsed from the input buffer at offsets that are integer multiples of the block size. The optional parameter step can be used to override this behavior. For example, btoi[2,1] can be used to read 16-bit values at each byte offset.

Expand source code Browse git

@handler.register('btoi')
def btoi(self, binary: ByteString, size=None, step=None) -> Iterable[int]:
    """
    The modifier `btoi[size=0,step=0]:data` uses `refinery.lib.chunks.unpack` to convert a
    sequence of bytes into a sequence of integers.

    The optional parameter `size` has to be an integer expression whose absolute value gives
    the size of each encoded number in bytes. Its default value is `0`, which corresponds to
    choosing the size automatically in the following manner: If the length of the buffer is
    uneven, the value 1 is chosen. If the length modulo 4 is nonzero, the value 2 is chosen. If
    the length is divisible by 4, then 4 is chosen. To unpack as big endian as opposed to the
    default little endian, a negative value for `size` has to be specified. The absolute value
    of `size` will be used.

    By default, integers are parsed from the input buffer at offsets that are integer multiples
    of the block size. The optional parameter `step` can be used to override this behavior. For
    example, `btoi[2,1]` can be used to read 16-bit values at each byte offset.
    """
    from refinery.lib import chunks
    size = int(size, 0) if size else 0
    step = int(step, 0) if step else 0
    bigE = size < 0
    size = abs(size)
    if not size:
        n = len(binary)
        if n % 2:
            size = 1
        elif n % 4:
            size = 2
        else:
            size = 4
    return list(chunks.unpack(binary, size, bigE, step))

def itob(self, integers, size=None)

The modifier itob[size=0]:integers is the inverse of btoi and works in the same way, except that the case size=0 is handled in the following way: The handler inspects all integers in the input and determines the minimum block size required to pack all of them.

Expand source code Browse git

@handler.register('itob')
def itob(self, integers: Iterable[int], size=None) -> ByteString:
    """
    The modifier `itob[size=0]:integers` is the inverse of `btoi` and works in the same way,
    except that the case `size=0` is handled in the following way: The handler inspects all
    integers in the input and determines the minimum block size required to pack all of them.
    """
    from refinery.lib import chunks
    size = int(size, 0) if size else 0
    bigE = size < 0
    size = abs(size)
    if not size:
        def byte_length(n: int):
            width, overflow = divmod(n.bit_length(), 8)
            if overflow: width += 1
            return width
        if not isinstance(integers, list):
            integers = list(integers)
        size = max((byte_length(n) for n in integers), default=1)
        size = max(size, 1)
    else:
        mask = (1 << (size * 8)) - 1
        integers = (integer & mask for integer in integers)
    return chunks.pack(integers, size, bigE)

def inc(self, it, precision=None)

The modifier inc:it or inc[N=64]:it expects a sequence it of integers (a binary string is interpreted as the sequence of its byte values), iterates it cyclically and perpetually adds an increasing counter to the result. If the number N is nonzero, then the counter is limited to N bits.

Expand source code Browse git

@handler.register('inc')
def inc(self, it: Iterable[int], precision=None) -> Iterable[int]:
    """
    The modifier `inc:it` or `inc[N=64]:it` expects a sequence `it` of integers (a binary
    string is interpreted as the sequence of its byte values), iterates it cyclically and
    perpetually adds an increasing counter to the result. If the number `N` is nonzero, then
    the counter is limited to `N` bits.
    """
    precision = precision and int(precision, 0) or _DEFAULT_BITS
    it = infinitize(it)
    if precision:
        def delay(_):
            mask = (1 << precision) - 1
            for a, b in zip(it, itertools.cycle(range(mask + 1))):
                yield a + b & mask
    else:
        def delay(_):
            for a, b in zip(it, itertools.count()):
                yield a + b
    return delay

def dec(self, it, precision=None)

Identical to DelayedArgument.inc(), but decreasing the counter rather than increasing it.

Expand source code Browse git

@handler.register('dec')
def dec(self, it: Iterable[int], precision=None) -> Iterable[int]:
    """
    Identical to `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedNumSeqArgument.inc`, but decreasing the counter
    rather than increasing it.
    """
    precision = precision and int(precision, 0) or _DEFAULT_BITS
    it = infinitize(it)
    if precision:
        def delay(_):
            mask = (1 << precision) - 1
            for a, b in zip(it, itertools.cycle(range(mask + 1))):
                yield a - b & mask
    else:
        def delay(_):
            for a, b in zip(it, itertools.count()):
                yield a - b
    return delay

def take(self, it, bounds=None)

The handler take[start:stop:step] expects an integer sequence as input and applies a slice to it. Slices are given in Python syntax, so take[::2] will extract every second item from the incoming data. The default sequence is 1:, i.e. skipping the first element.

Expand source code Browse git

@handler.register('take')
def take(self, it: Iterable[int], bounds: Optional[str] = None):
    """
    The handler `take[start:stop:step]` expects an integer sequence as input and applies a slice
    to it. Slices are given in Python syntax, so `take[::2]` will extract every second item from
    the incoming data. The default sequence is `1:`, i.e. skipping the first element.
    """
    def sliced(bounds):
        try:
            return it[bounds]
        except TypeError:
            subsequence = itertools.islice(it, bounds.start, bounds.stop, bounds.step)
            if bounds.stop is not None:
                subsequence = list(subsequence)
                if all(t in range(0x100) for t in subsequence):
                    subsequence = bytearray(subsequence)
            return subsequence
    bounds = bounds and sliceobj(bounds) or slice(1, None)
    if isinstance(bounds, slice):
        return sliced(bounds)
    return lambda d: sliced(bounds(d))

def cycle(self, it)

The cycle handler turns a finite integer sequence into an infinitely repeating integer sequence.

Expand source code Browse git

@handler.register('cycle')
def cycle(self, it: Iterable[int]) -> Iterable[int]:
    """
    The `cycle` handler turns a finite integer sequence into an infinitely repeating integer sequence.
    """
    if isinstance(it, itertools.cycle):
        return it
    return itertools.cycle(it)

def rng(self, size)

The rng:count handler generates count secure random bytes using the Python standard library module function secrets.token_bytes.

Expand source code Browse git

@handler.register('rng', final=True)
def rng(
    self,
    size: str,
) -> bytes:
    """
    The `rng:count` handler generates `count` secure random bytes using the Python standard
    library module function `secrets.token_bytes`.
    """
    import secrets
    size = PythonExpression.Lazy(size)
    try:
        _size = size()
    except ParserVariableMissing:
        def finalize(data):
            meta = dict(metavars(data))
            return secrets.token_bytes(size(meta))
        return finalize
    else:
        return secrets.token_bytes(_size)

def prng(self, size, seed=None)

The prng[seed]:count handler generates count random bytes using Python's built-in random number generator. The seed argument can be omitted, in which case the PRNG will be seeded with the current timestamp in nanoseconds.

Expand source code Browse git

@handler.register('prng', final=True)
def prng(
    self,
    size: str,
    seed: Optional[str] = None
) -> bytes:
    """
    The `prng[seed]:count` handler generates `count` random bytes using Python's built-in random
    number generator. The `seed` argument can be omitted, in which case the PRNG will be seeded
    with the current timestamp in nanoseconds.
    """
    import random
    import time

    try:
        randbytes = random.randbytes
    except AttributeError:
        def randbytes(n):
            return bytearray(random.randint(0, 0xFF) for _ in range(n))

    seed = time.time_ns if seed is None else PythonExpression.Lazy(seed)
    size = PythonExpression.Lazy(size)
    try:
        _size = size()
        _seed = seed()
    except ParserVariableMissing:
        def finalize(data):
            meta = dict(metavars(data))
            random.seed(seed(meta))
            return randbytes(size(meta))
        return finalize
    else:
        random.seed(_seed)
        return randbytes(_size)

def accu(self, spec, seed=None, skip=None, precision=None)

The final handler

accu[seed=0,skip=1,precision=64]:update[#feed]

expects seed, skip, update, and feed to be Python expressions. It generates an infinite integer sequence maintaining an internal state A: The initial value for A is seed. Each subsequent state is the result of evaluating the update expression, which can use the variable A to access the current state. The next integer value to be generated is the result of evaluating the expression feed, which may again use the variable A to access the internal state. If the feed expression is omitted, the complete state A is emitted in each step. The value of skip specifies the number of elements from the beginning of the sequence that should be skipped. The value of precision specifies the number of bits that are used by the internal state variable A. You can specify precision to be zero if you want the result to be an unbounded big integer.

Instead of a Python expression, the variable update can also be one of the following values, which are pre-defined update routines based on popular generators:

• @libc: A * 0x041C64E6D + 0x003039
• @ansi: A * 0x041C64E6D + 0x003039 # (A >> 0x10)
• @msvc: A * 0x0000343FD + 0x269EC3 # (A >> 0x10)
• @msvb: A * 0x043FD43FD + 0xC39EC3
• @java: A * 0x5DEECE66D + 0x00000B
• @mmix: A * 6364136223846793005 + 1442695040888963407

Expand source code Browse git

@handler.register('accu', final=True)
def accu(
    self,
    spec: str,
    seed: Optional[str] = None,
    skip: Optional[str] = None,
    precision: Optional[str] = None
) -> Iterable[int]:
    """
    The final handler

        accu[seed=0,skip=1,precision=64]:update[#feed]

    expects `seed`, `skip`, `update`, and `feed` to be Python expressions. It generates an infinite integer
    sequence maintaining an internal state `A`: The initial value for `A` is `seed`. Each subsequent state is
    the result of evaluating the `update` expression, which can use the variable `A` to access the current
    state. The next integer value to be generated is the result of evaluating the expression `feed`, which
    may again use the variable `A` to access the internal state. If the `feed` expression is omitted, the
    complete state `A` is emitted in each step. The value of `skip` specifies the number of elements from the
    beginning of the sequence that should be skipped. The value of `precision` specifies the number of bits
    that are used by the internal state variable `A`. You can specify `precision` to be zero if you want the
    result to be an unbounded big integer.

    Instead of a Python expression, the  variable `update` can also be one of the following values, which
    are pre-defined update routines based on popular generators:

    - `@libc`: `A * 0x041C64E6D + 0x003039`
    - `@ansi`: `A * 0x041C64E6D + 0x003039 # (A >> 0x10)`
    - `@msvc`: `A * 0x0000343FD + 0x269EC3 # (A >> 0x10)`
    - `@msvb`: `A * 0x043FD43FD + 0xC39EC3`
    - `@java`: `A * 0x5DEECE66D + 0x00000B`
    - `@mmix`: `A * 6364136223846793005 + 1442695040888963407`
    """
    if spec.startswith('@'):
        try:
            spec = {
                '@libc': 'A * 0x041C64E6D + 0x003039',
                '@ansi': 'A * 0x041C64E6D + 0x003039 # (A >> 0x10)',
                '@msvc': 'A * 0x0000343FD + 0x269EC3 # (A >> 0x10)',
                '@msvb': 'A * 0x043FD43FD + 0xC39EC3',
                '@java': 'A * 0x5DEECE66D + 0x00000B',
                '@mmix': 'A * 6364136223846793005 + 1442695040888963407'
            }[spec]
        except KeyError:
            raise ArgumentTypeError(F'The generator type {spec} is unknown.')
    update, _, feed = spec.partition('#')
    update = PythonExpression.Lazy(update)
    seed = seed or '0'
    seed = PythonExpression.Lazy(seed)
    feed = feed and PythonExpression.Lazy(feed)
    skip = 1 if skip is None else int(skip, 0)
    precision = precision and int(precision, 0) or _DEFAULT_BITS
    mask = precision and (1 << precision) - 1

    def finalize(data: Optional[Chunk] = None):
        @lru_cache(maxsize=512, typed=False)
        def accumulate(A):
            return update(meta, A=A)
        meta = dict(metavars(data))
        A = seed and seed(meta) or 0
        F = feed(meta, A=A) if feed else A
        S = skip
        while True:
            if not S:
                yield F
            else:
                S = S - 1
            A = accumulate(A)
            if mask:
                A &= mask
            F = feed(meta, A=A) if feed else A
    try:
        update(A=seed())
    except ParserVariableMissing:
        return finalize
    else:
        return finalize()

def be(self, arg, size=None)

The handler be[size=0]:data converts a binary input into the integer that it encodes in big endian format, and vice versa. The optional parameter size can be used to specify the number of bytes used for encoding integers. For byte string inputs, this parameter is used to truncate the input before conversion.

Expand source code Browse git

@handler.register('be')
def be(self, arg: Union[int, ByteString], size: Optional[str] = None) -> int:
    """
    The handler `be[size=0]:data` converts a binary input into the integer that it encodes in
    big endian format, and vice versa. The optional parameter `size` can be used to specify
    the number of bytes used for encoding integers. For byte string inputs, this parameter is
    used to truncate the input before conversion.
    """
    if size is not None:
        size = int(size, 0)
    if isinstance(arg, int):
        if size is None:
            size, r = divmod(arg.bit_length(), 8)
            size += int(bool(r))
        return arg.to_bytes(max(size, 1), 'big')
    else:
        return int.from_bytes(arg[:size], 'big')

def le(self, arg, size=None)

The handler be[size=0]:data converts a binary input into the integer that it encodes in little endian format, and vice versa. The optional parameter size can be used to specify the number of bytes used for encoding integers. For byte string inputs, this parameter is used to truncate the input before conversion.

Expand source code Browse git

@handler.register('le')
def le(self, arg: Union[int, ByteString], size: Optional[str] = None) -> int:
    """
    The handler `be[size=0]:data` converts a binary input into the integer that it encodes in
    little endian format, and vice versa. The optional parameter `size` can be used to specify
    the number of bytes used for encoding integers. For byte string inputs, this parameter is
    used to truncate the input before conversion.
    """
    if size is not None:
        size = int(size, 0)
    if isinstance(arg, int):
        if size is None:
            size, r = divmod(arg.bit_length(), 8)
            size += int(bool(r))
        return arg.to_bytes(max(size, 1), 'little')
    else:
        return int.from_bytes(arg[:size], 'little')

def reduce(self, it, reduction, seed=None)

The handler reduce[reduction, seed=0] has two parameters. The string reduction is a Python expression that involves the two special variables S (the state) and B (the current block value). This expression is evaluated for every B in the incoming integer sequence and assigned back to S. The starting value of S is given by seed, which has a default value of 0 and must also be given as a Python expression.

Expand source code Browse git

@handler.register('reduce')
def reduce(self, it: Iterable[int], reduction: str, seed: Optional[str] = None) -> int:
    """
    The handler `reduce[reduction, seed=0]` has two parameters. The string `reduction` is a
    Python expression that involves the two special variables `S` (the state) and `B`
    (the current block value). This expression is evaluated for every `B` in the incoming
    integer sequence and assigned back to `S`. The starting value of `S` is given by `seed`,
    which has a default value of `0` and must also be given as a Python expression.
    """
    seed = seed and PythonExpression.Lazy(seed)
    reduction = PythonExpression.Lazy(reduction)

    def finalize(data: Optional[Chunk] = None):
        def _reduction(S, B):
            v = reduction(args, S=S, B=B)
            return v
        args = dict(metavars(data))
        return reduce(_reduction, it, seed and seed(args) or 0)

    try:
        return finalize()
    except ParserVariableMissing:
        return finalize

class DelayedBinaryArgument (expression, reverse=False, seed=None)

A parser for binary arguments. It does not implement any handlers beyond the default handlers that are implemented in DelayedArgument.

Expand source code Browse git

class DelayedBinaryArgument(DelayedArgument):
    """
    A parser for binary arguments. It does not implement any handlers beyond the default handlers that
    are implemented in `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedArgument`.
    """

    def __call__(self, data: Optional[ByteString] = None) -> bytes:
        value = super().__call__(data=data)
        if not isbuffer(value):
            if isinstance(value, str):
                return value.encode('utf8')
            if not value:
                return B''
            raise ArgumentTypeError(
                F'The expression {self.expression} returned a value of type {type(value).__name__}, '
                R'which could not be converted to a byte string.'
            )
        return value

Ancestors

• DelayedArgument
• LazyEvaluation

Inherited members

• DelayedArgument:
  • a
  • accu
  • be
  • btoi
  • copy
  • cut
  • cycle
  • dec
  • eat
  • env
  • eval
  • h
  • hexencode
  • inc
  • itob
  • le
  • n
  • pb
  • pn
  • pos
  • pp
  • prng
  • px
  • q
  • range
  • read
  • readfrom
  • reduce
  • rng
  • rx
  • s
  • take
  • u
  • var

class DelayedNumSeqArgument (expression, reverse=False, seed=None, typecheck=True, additional_types=None)

A parser for sequences of numeric arguments. It does not implement any handlers beyond the default handlers that are implemented in DelayedArgument, but the default handler attempts to evalue the input as a Python expression.

Expand source code Browse git

class DelayedNumSeqArgument(DelayedArgument):
    """
    A parser for sequences of numeric arguments. It does not implement any handlers beyond the default
    handlers that are implemented in `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedArgument`, but the default handler
    attempts to evalue the input as a Python expression.
    """

    def __init__(self, expression: str, reverse=False, seed=None, typecheck=True, additional_types=None):
        super().__init__(expression, reverse, seed)
        self.typecheck = typecheck
        self.additional_types = additional_types or []

    def default_handler(self, expression: str) -> Iterable[int]:
        """
        Attempts to parse the input expression as a sequence of integers. If this fails, the handler defaults
        to the parent `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedArgument.default_handler`.
        """
        try:
            with open(expression, 'rb') as stream:
                return stream.read()
        except Exception:
            pass
        try:
            return LazyPythonExpression(expression)
        except Exception:
            if isinstance(expression, str):
                return super().default_handler(expression)
            return expression

    def __call__(self, data: Optional[Union[ByteString, Chunk]] = None) -> Iterable[int]:
        value = super().__call__(data)
        if isbuffer(value):
            return value
        if isinstance(value, str):
            return value.encode()
        if hasattr(value, '__iter__'):
            try:
                if len(value) == 1:
                    return RepeatedInteger(next(iter(value)))
            except TypeError:
                def rewind():
                    yield top
                    yield from it
                it = iter(value)
                top = next(it)
                if not isinstance(top, int):
                    raise ArgumentTypeError(
                        F'The first item {top!r} of the iterable computed from {self.expression} was not an integer.')
                return rewind()
            else:
                return value
        if isinstance(value, float):
            tmp = int(value)
            if float(tmp) == value:
                value = tmp
        if isinstance(value, int):
            return RepeatedInteger(value)
        if not self.typecheck:
            return value
        if self.additional_types:
            typecheck = self.additional_types
            try:
                typecheck = tuple(typecheck)
            except Exception:
                pass
            try:
                if isinstance(value, typecheck):
                    return value
            except Exception:
                pass
        raise ArgumentTypeError(
            F'The value computed from {self.expression} is of type {type(value).__name__} but the unit requested an '
            R'integer or a sequence of integers.'
        )

Ancestors

• DelayedArgument
• LazyEvaluation

Methods

def default_handler(self, expression)

Attempts to parse the input expression as a sequence of integers. If this fails, the handler defaults to the parent DelayedArgument.default_handler().

Expand source code Browse git

def default_handler(self, expression: str) -> Iterable[int]:
    """
    Attempts to parse the input expression as a sequence of integers. If this fails, the handler defaults
    to the parent `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedArgument.default_handler`.
    """
    try:
        with open(expression, 'rb') as stream:
            return stream.read()
    except Exception:
        pass
    try:
        return LazyPythonExpression(expression)
    except Exception:
        if isinstance(expression, str):
            return super().default_handler(expression)
        return expression

Inherited members

• DelayedArgument:
  • a
  • accu
  • be
  • btoi
  • copy
  • cut
  • cycle
  • dec
  • eat
  • env
  • eval
  • h
  • hexencode
  • inc
  • itob
  • le
  • n
  • pb
  • pn
  • pos
  • pp
  • prng
  • px
  • q
  • range
  • read
  • readfrom
  • reduce
  • rng
  • rx
  • s
  • take
  • u
  • var

class DelayedRegexpArgument (expression, reverse=False, seed=None)

A parser for regular expressions arguments. It implements two additional handlers beyond the ones inherited from DelayedArgument.

Expand source code Browse git

class DelayedRegexpArgument(DelayedArgument):
    """
    A parser for regular expressions arguments. It implements two additional handlers beyond the ones
    inherited from `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedArgument`.
    """

    @DelayedArgumentDispatch.Inherit(DelayedArgument)
    def handler(self, expression: str) -> bytes:
        """
        The default handler encodes the input expression as latin-1 to return a binary
        string regular expression.
        Furthermore, the use of named patterns from `refinery.lib.patterns.formats` and
        `refinery.lib.patterns.indicators` is possible by means of the extension format
        `(??name)`. For example, the pattern `e:((??url)\\x00){4}` will match a sequence
        of four URL strings which are all terminated with a null character.
        """
        if '(??' in expression:
            import re
            from refinery.lib.patterns import formats, indicators

            def replace(match):
                name = match[1]
                return '(?:{})'.format(formats.get(
                    name, indicators.get(name, match[0])))

            expression = re.sub(
                R'\(\?\?({}|{})\)'.format(
                    '|'.join(p.name for p in formats),
                    '|'.join(p.name for p in indicators)
                ),
                replace,
                expression
            )

        return expression.encode('latin-1')

    @handler.register('f', final=True)
    def format(self, name: str) -> bytes:
        """
        The handler `f:[name]` returns a regular expression for to one of the format types
        supported by `refinery.carve` unit.
        """
        from refinery.lib.patterns import formats
        try:
            return formats[name]
        except LookupError:
            raise ArgumentTypeError(
                F'Based on the prefix "f:", the parser looked for a carve format named "{name}".'
                U' No such format is known; prefix the entire expression with "s:" if this was '
                U'unintended, otherwise correct the format name spelling.')

    @handler.register('yara', 'Y')
    def yara(self, pattern: bytes) -> bytes:
        """
        The handler `yara:pattern` or `Y:pattern` converts YARA syntax wildcard hexadecimal
        expressions into standard regular expressions. For example, the string `D?` is
        translated to `[\\xD0-\\xDF]`, the expression `[2-6]` becomes `.{2,6}`, and `?D`
        becomes the following substring:
        ```
        [\\x0D\\x1D\\x2D\\x3D\\x4D\\x5D\\x6D\\x7D\\x8D\\x9D\\xAD\\xBD\\xCD\\xDD\\xED\\xFD]
        ```
        Only two-letter hexadecimal sequences with optional `?` wildcards and wildcard
        ranges such as `[2-6]` are substituted, all other characters in the pattern are
        left unchanged.
        """
        import re

        def y2r(match):
            expr = match[0]
            if expr == B'??':
                return B'.'
            if B'?' not in expr:
                return BR'\x%s' % expr
            if expr.endswith(B'?'):
                return BR'[\x%c0-\x%cF]' % (expr[0], expr[0])
            return BR'[%s]' % BR''.join(
                BR'\x%x%c' % (k, expr[1]) for k in range(0x10)
            )

        def yara_range(rng):
            return B'.{%s}' % B','.join(t.strip() for t in rng[1:-1].split(B'-'))

        pattern = re.split(BR'(\[\s*\d+(?:\s*-\s*\d+)?\s*\])', pattern)
        pattern[0::2] = [re.sub(BR'[A-Fa-f0-9?]{2}', y2r, c) for c in pattern[::2]]
        pattern[1::2] = [yara_range(b) for b in pattern[1::2]]
        return B''.join(pattern)

Ancestors

• DelayedArgument
• LazyEvaluation

Methods

def handler(self, expression)

The default handler encodes the input expression as latin-1 to return a binary string regular expression. Furthermore, the use of named patterns from formats and indicators is possible by means of the extension format (??name). For example, the pattern e:((??url)\x00){4} will match a sequence of four URL strings which are all terminated with a null character.

Expand source code Browse git

@DelayedArgumentDispatch.Inherit(DelayedArgument)
def handler(self, expression: str) -> bytes:
    """
    The default handler encodes the input expression as latin-1 to return a binary
    string regular expression.
    Furthermore, the use of named patterns from `refinery.lib.patterns.formats` and
    `refinery.lib.patterns.indicators` is possible by means of the extension format
    `(??name)`. For example, the pattern `e:((??url)\\x00){4}` will match a sequence
    of four URL strings which are all terminated with a null character.
    """
    if '(??' in expression:
        import re
        from refinery.lib.patterns import formats, indicators

        def replace(match):
            name = match[1]
            return '(?:{})'.format(formats.get(
                name, indicators.get(name, match[0])))

        expression = re.sub(
            R'\(\?\?({}|{})\)'.format(
                '|'.join(p.name for p in formats),
                '|'.join(p.name for p in indicators)
            ),
            replace,
            expression
        )

    return expression.encode('latin-1')

def format(self, name)

The handler f:[name] returns a regular expression for to one of the format types supported by carve unit.

Expand source code Browse git

@handler.register('f', final=True)
def format(self, name: str) -> bytes:
    """
    The handler `f:[name]` returns a regular expression for to one of the format types
    supported by `refinery.carve` unit.
    """
    from refinery.lib.patterns import formats
    try:
        return formats[name]
    except LookupError:
        raise ArgumentTypeError(
            F'Based on the prefix "f:", the parser looked for a carve format named "{name}".'
            U' No such format is known; prefix the entire expression with "s:" if this was '
            U'unintended, otherwise correct the format name spelling.')

def yara(self, pattern)

The handler yara:pattern or Y:pattern converts YARA syntax wildcard hexadecimal expressions into standard regular expressions. For example, the string D? is translated to [\xD0-\xDF], the expression [2-6] becomes .{2,6}, and ?D becomes the following substring:

[\x0D\x1D\x2D\x3D\x4D\x5D\x6D\x7D\x8D\x9D\xAD\xBD\xCD\xDD\xED\xFD]

Only two-letter hexadecimal sequences with optional ? wildcards and wildcard ranges such as [2-6] are substituted, all other characters in the pattern are left unchanged.

Expand source code Browse git

@handler.register('yara', 'Y')
def yara(self, pattern: bytes) -> bytes:
    """
    The handler `yara:pattern` or `Y:pattern` converts YARA syntax wildcard hexadecimal
    expressions into standard regular expressions. For example, the string `D?` is
    translated to `[\\xD0-\\xDF]`, the expression `[2-6]` becomes `.{2,6}`, and `?D`
    becomes the following substring:
    ```
    [\\x0D\\x1D\\x2D\\x3D\\x4D\\x5D\\x6D\\x7D\\x8D\\x9D\\xAD\\xBD\\xCD\\xDD\\xED\\xFD]
    ```
    Only two-letter hexadecimal sequences with optional `?` wildcards and wildcard
    ranges such as `[2-6]` are substituted, all other characters in the pattern are
    left unchanged.
    """
    import re

    def y2r(match):
        expr = match[0]
        if expr == B'??':
            return B'.'
        if B'?' not in expr:
            return BR'\x%s' % expr
        if expr.endswith(B'?'):
            return BR'[\x%c0-\x%cF]' % (expr[0], expr[0])
        return BR'[%s]' % BR''.join(
            BR'\x%x%c' % (k, expr[1]) for k in range(0x10)
        )

    def yara_range(rng):
        return B'.{%s}' % B','.join(t.strip() for t in rng[1:-1].split(B'-'))

    pattern = re.split(BR'(\[\s*\d+(?:\s*-\s*\d+)?\s*\])', pattern)
    pattern[0::2] = [re.sub(BR'[A-Fa-f0-9?]{2}', y2r, c) for c in pattern[::2]]
    pattern[1::2] = [yara_range(b) for b in pattern[1::2]]
    return B''.join(pattern)

Inherited members

• DelayedArgument:
  • a
  • accu
  • be
  • btoi
  • copy
  • cut
  • cycle
  • dec
  • eat
  • env
  • eval
  • h
  • hexencode
  • inc
  • itob
  • le
  • n
  • pb
  • pn
  • pos
  • pp
  • prng
  • px
  • q
  • range
  • read
  • readfrom
  • reduce
  • rng
  • rx
  • s
  • take
  • u
  • var

class DelayedNumberArgument (expression, min, max)

A parser for numeric arguments. Implements no handlers beyond the ones inherited from its parent DelayedArgument. The final handler output is expected to be an integer. The class can be initialized with numerical bounds and checks the validity of the input after having evaluated all handlers.

Expand source code Browse git

class DelayedNumberArgument(DelayedArgument):
    """
    A parser for numeric arguments. Implements no handlers beyond the ones inherited from its parent
    `refinery.lib.argformats.DelayedArgument`. The final handler output is expected to be an integer.
    The class can be initialized with numerical bounds and checks the validity of the input after
    having evaluated all handlers.
    """
    def __init__(self, expression: str, min: int, max: int):
        self.min = min
        self.max = max
        super().__init__(expression)

    def __call__(self, data: Union[ByteString, Chunk, None] = None) -> int:
        value = super().__call__(data)
        if not isinstance(value, int):
            tv = type(value).__name__
            raise ArgumentTypeError(F'The value computed from {self.expression} is of type {tv}, it should be an integer.')
        if self.min is not None and value < self.min or self.max is not None and value > self.max:
            a = '-∞' if self.min is None else self.min
            b = '∞' if self.max is None else self.max
            raise ArgumentTypeError(F'value {value} is out of bounds [{a}, {b}]')
        return value

    def default_handler(self, expression: str) -> int:
        """
        The default handler: Attempts to parse the input expression as an integer.
        """
        return LazyPythonExpression(expression)

Ancestors

• DelayedArgument
• LazyEvaluation

Methods

def default_handler(self, expression)

The default handler: Attempts to parse the input expression as an integer.

Expand source code Browse git

def default_handler(self, expression: str) -> int:
    """
    The default handler: Attempts to parse the input expression as an integer.
    """
    return LazyPythonExpression(expression)

Inherited members

• DelayedArgument:
  • a
  • accu
  • be
  • btoi
  • copy
  • cut
  • cycle
  • dec
  • eat
  • env
  • eval
  • h
  • hexencode
  • inc
  • itob
  • le
  • n
  • pb
  • pn
  • pos
  • pp
  • prng
  • px
  • q
  • range
  • read
  • readfrom
  • reduce
  • rng
  • rx
  • s
  • take
  • u
  • var

class Option (name)

Helper class that provides a standard way to create an ABC using inheritance.

Expand source code Browse git

class Option(ABC):
    name: str
    mode: Any

    @abstractmethod
    def __init__(self, name: str):
        raise NotImplementedError

    def __eq__(self, other):
        return str(other) == self.name

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(self.name)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

    def __repr__(self):
        return self.name

    @property
    def value(self):
        return self.mode

Ancestors

• abc.ABC

Subclasses

• refinery.lib.argformats.OptionFactory.Option[ARM,ARMTHUMB,IA64,LZMA1,LZMA2,POWERPC,SPARC,X86]
• refinery.lib.argformats.OptionFactory.Option[CBC,CCM,CFB,CTR,EAX,ECB,GCM,OCB,OFB]
• refinery.lib.argformats.OptionFactory.Option[CBC,CFB,CTR,EAX,ECB,OFB]
• refinery.lib.argformats.OptionFactory.Option[CBC,CFB,CTR,ECB,OFB,PCBC]

Class variables

var name

var mode

Instance variables

var value

Expand source code Browse git

@property
def value(self):
    return self.mode